turtle
本帖最后由 xsywa 于 2021-2-19 11:09 编辑都是turtle是内置库，可我的怎么用不了
尤其按照网上的教程再重新安装，点不开turtle.py 打错了
import
逃兵 发表于 2021-2-19 11:05
打错了
import
额，这个没注意，改了后也是一样的
你的python是什么版本的，你下载的该包是否在模块路径中，麻烦详细描述一下问题 本帖最后由 考不好不改名 于 2021-2-19 14:05 编辑
建议重装Python 你找到你Python安装的目录（默认是C:\Users\33260\AppData\Local\Programs\Python）；在目录下打开Lib，看看有没有一个叫turtle.py的文件；如果没有，新建一个同名文件，并打开输入以下代码：_ver = "turtle 1.1b- - for Python 3.1 -4. 5. 2009"
import tkinter as TK
import types
import math
import time
import inspect
import sys
from os.path import isfile, split, join
from copy import deepcopy
from tkinter import simpledialog
_tg_classes = ['ScrolledCanvas', 'TurtleScreen', 'Screen',
'RawTurtle', 'Turtle', 'RawPen', 'Pen', 'Shape', 'Vec2D']
_tg_screen_functions = ['addshape', 'bgcolor', 'bgpic', 'bye',
'clearscreen', 'colormode', 'delay', 'exitonclick', 'getcanvas',
'getshapes', 'listen', 'mainloop', 'mode', 'numinput',
'onkey', 'onkeypress', 'onkeyrelease', 'onscreenclick', 'ontimer',
'register_shape', 'resetscreen', 'screensize', 'setup',
'setworldcoordinates', 'textinput', 'title', 'tracer', 'turtles', 'update',
'window_height', 'window_width']
_tg_turtle_functions = ['back', 'backward', 'begin_fill', 'begin_poly', 'bk',
'circle', 'clear', 'clearstamp', 'clearstamps', 'clone', 'color',
'degrees', 'distance', 'dot', 'down', 'end_fill', 'end_poly', 'fd',
'fillcolor', 'filling', 'forward', 'get_poly', 'getpen', 'getscreen', 'get_shapepoly',
'getturtle', 'goto', 'heading', 'hideturtle', 'home', 'ht', 'isdown',
'isvisible', 'left', 'lt', 'onclick', 'ondrag', 'onrelease', 'pd',
'pen', 'pencolor', 'pendown', 'pensize', 'penup', 'pos', 'position',
'pu', 'radians', 'right', 'reset', 'resizemode', 'rt',
'seth', 'setheading', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'settiltangle',
'setundobuffer', 'setx', 'sety', 'shape', 'shapesize', 'shapetransform', 'shearfactor', 'showturtle',
'speed', 'st', 'stamp', 'tilt', 'tiltangle', 'towards',
'turtlesize', 'undo', 'undobufferentries', 'up', 'width',
'write', 'xcor', 'ycor']
_tg_utilities = ['write_docstringdict', 'done']
__all__ = (_tg_classes + _tg_screen_functions + _tg_turtle_functions +
_tg_utilities + ['Terminator']) # + _math_functions)
_alias_list = ['addshape', 'backward', 'bk', 'fd', 'ht', 'lt', 'pd', 'pos',
'pu', 'rt', 'seth', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'st',
'turtlesize', 'up', 'width']
_CFG = {"width" : 0.5, # Screen
"height" : 0.75,
"canvwidth" : 400,
"canvheight": 300,
"leftright": None,
"topbottom": None,
"mode": "standard", # TurtleScreen
"colormode": 1.0,
"delay": 10,
"undobuffersize": 1000, # RawTurtle
"shape": "classic",
"pencolor" : "black",
"fillcolor" : "black",
"resizemode" : "noresize",
"visible" : True,
"language": "english", # docstrings
"exampleturtle": "turtle",
"examplescreen": "screen",
"title": "Python Turtle Graphics",
"using_IDLE": False
}
def config_dict(filename):
with open(filename, "r") as f:
cfglines = f.readlines()
cfgdict = {}
for line in cfglines:
line = line.strip()
if not line or line.startswith("#"):
continue
try:
key, value = line.split("=")
except ValueError:
print("Bad line in config-file %s:\n%s" % (filename,line))
continue
key = key.strip()
value = value.strip()
if value in ["True", "False", "None", "''", '""']:
value = eval(value)
else:
try:
if "." in value:
value = float(value)
else:
value = int(value)
except ValueError:
pass # value need not be converted
cfgdict = value
return cfgdict
def readconfig(cfgdict):
default_cfg = "turtle.cfg"
cfgdict1 = {}
cfgdict2 = {}
if isfile(default_cfg):
cfgdict1 = config_dict(default_cfg)
if "importconfig" in cfgdict1:
default_cfg = "turtle_%s.cfg" % cfgdict1["importconfig"]
try:
head, tail = split(__file__)
cfg_file2 = join(head, default_cfg)
except Exception:
cfg_file2 = ""
if isfile(cfg_file2):
cfgdict2 = config_dict(cfg_file2)
_CFG.update(cfgdict2)
_CFG.update(cfgdict1)
try:
readconfig(_CFG)
except Exception:
print ("No configfile read, reason unknown")
class Vec2D(tuple):
def __new__(cls, x, y):
return tuple.__new__(cls, (x, y))
def __add__(self, other):
return Vec2D(self+other, self+other)
def __mul__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, Vec2D):
return self*other+self*other
return Vec2D(self*other, self*other)
def __rmul__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, int) or isinstance(other, float):
return Vec2D(self*other, self*other)
return NotImplemented
def __sub__(self, other):
return Vec2D(self-other, self-other)
def __neg__(self):
return Vec2D(-self, -self)
def __abs__(self):
return (self**2 + self**2)**0.5
def rotate(self, angle):
"""rotate self counterclockwise by angle
"""
perp = Vec2D(-self, self)
angle = angle * math.pi / 180.0
c, s = math.cos(angle), math.sin(angle)
return Vec2D(self*c+perp*s, self*c+perp*s)
def __getnewargs__(self):
return (self, self)
def __repr__(self):
return "(%.2f,%.2f)" % self
def __methodDict(cls, _dict):
"""helper function for Scrolled Canvas"""
baseList = list(cls.__bases__)
baseList.reverse()
for _super in baseList:
__methodDict(_super, _dict)
for key, value in cls.__dict__.items():
if type(value) == types.FunctionType:
_dict = value
def __methods(cls):
"""helper function for Scrolled Canvas"""
_dict = {}
__methodDict(cls, _dict)
return _dict.keys()
__stringBody = (
'def %(method)s(self, *args, **kw): return ' +
'self.%(attribute)s.%(method)s(*args, **kw)')
def __forwardmethods(fromClass, toClass, toPart, exclude = ()):
### MANY CHANGES ###
_dict_1 = {}
__methodDict(toClass, _dict_1)
_dict = {}
mfc = __methods(fromClass)
for ex in _dict_1.keys():
if ex[:1] == '_' or ex[-1:] == '_' or ex in exclude or ex in mfc:
pass
else:
_dict = _dict_1
for method, func in _dict.items():
d = {'method': method, 'func': func}
if isinstance(toPart, str):
execString = \
__stringBody % {'method' : method, 'attribute' : toPart}
exec(execString, d)
setattr(fromClass, method, d) ### NEWU!
class ScrolledCanvas(TK.Frame):
"""Modeled after the scrolled canvas class from Grayons's Tkinter book.
Used as the default canvas, which pops up automatically when
using turtle graphics functions or the Turtle class.
"""
def __init__(self, master, width=500, height=350,
canvwidth=600, canvheight=500):
TK.Frame.__init__(self, master, width=width, height=height)
self._rootwindow = self.winfo_toplevel()
self.width, self.height = width, height
self.canvwidth, self.canvheight = canvwidth, canvheight
self.bg = "white"
self._canvas = TK.Canvas(master, width=width, height=height,
bg=self.bg, relief=TK.SUNKEN, borderwidth=2)
self.hscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.xview,
orient=TK.HORIZONTAL)
self.vscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.yview)
self._canvas.configure(xscrollcommand=self.hscroll.set,
yscrollcommand=self.vscroll.set)
self.rowconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0)
self.columnconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0)
self._canvas.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1,
column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
self.reset()
self._rootwindow.bind('<Configure>', self.onResize)
def reset(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg = None):
"""Adjust canvas and scrollbars according to given canvas size."""
if canvwidth:
self.canvwidth = canvwidth
if canvheight:
self.canvheight = canvheight
if bg:
self.bg = bg
self._canvas.config(bg=bg,
scrollregion=(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2,
self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2))
self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth - self.width + 30) /
self.canvwidth)
self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight- self.height + 30) /
self.canvheight)
self.adjustScrolls()
def adjustScrolls(self):
""" Adjust scrollbars according to window- and canvas-size.
"""
cwidth = self._canvas.winfo_width()
cheight = self._canvas.winfo_height()
self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth-cwidth)/self.canvwidth)
self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight-cheight)/self.canvheight)
if cwidth < self.canvwidth or cheight < self.canvheight:
self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1,
column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
else:
self.hscroll.grid_forget()
self.vscroll.grid_forget()
def onResize(self, event):
"""self-explanatory"""
self.adjustScrolls()
def bbox(self, *args):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
return self._canvas.bbox(*args)
def cget(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
return self._canvas.cget(*args, **kwargs)
def config(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
self._canvas.config(*args, **kwargs)
def bind(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
self._canvas.bind(*args, **kwargs)
def unbind(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
self._canvas.unbind(*args, **kwargs)
def focus_force(self):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
self._canvas.focus_force()
__forwardmethods(ScrolledCanvas, TK.Canvas, '_canvas')
class _Root(TK.Tk):
"""Root class for Screen based on Tkinter."""
def __init__(self):
TK.Tk.__init__(self)
def setupcanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight):
self._canvas = ScrolledCanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight)
self._canvas.pack(expand=1, fill="both")
def _getcanvas(self):
return self._canvas
def set_geometry(self, width, height, startx, starty):
self.geometry("%dx%d%+d%+d"%(width, height, startx, starty))
def ondestroy(self, destroy):
self.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", destroy)
def win_width(self):
return self.winfo_screenwidth()
def win_height(self):
return self.winfo_screenheight()
Canvas = TK.Canvas
class TurtleScreenBase(object):
@staticmethod
def _blankimage():
"""return a blank image object
"""
img = TK.PhotoImage(width=1, height=1)
img.blank()
return img
@staticmethod
def _image(filename):
"""return an image object containing the
imagedata from a gif-file named filename.
"""
return TK.PhotoImage(file=filename)
def __init__(self, cv):
self.cv = cv
if isinstance(cv, ScrolledCanvas):
w = self.cv.canvwidth
h = self.cv.canvheight
else:# expected: ordinary TK.Canvas
w = int(self.cv.cget("width"))
h = int(self.cv.cget("height"))
self.cv.config(scrollregion = (-w//2, -h//2, w//2, h//2 ))
self.canvwidth = w
self.canvheight = h
self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0
def _createpoly(self):
"""Create an invisible polygon item on canvas self.cv)
"""
return self.cv.create_polygon((0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), fill="", outline="")
def _drawpoly(self, polyitem, coordlist, fill=None,
outline=None, width=None, top=False):
cl = []
for x, y in coordlist:
cl.append(x * self.xscale)
cl.append(-y * self.yscale)
self.cv.coords(polyitem, *cl)
if fill is not None:
self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, fill=fill)
if outline is not None:
self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, outline=outline)
if width is not None:
self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, width=width)
if top:
self.cv.tag_raise(polyitem)
def _createline(self):
"""Create an invisible line item on canvas self.cv)
"""
return self.cv.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0, fill="", width=2,
capstyle = TK.ROUND)
def _drawline(self, lineitem, coordlist=None,
fill=None, width=None, top=False):
if coordlist is not None:
cl = []
for x, y in coordlist:
cl.append(x * self.xscale)
cl.append(-y * self.yscale)
self.cv.coords(lineitem, *cl)
if fill is not None:
self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, fill=fill)
if width is not None:
self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, width=width)
if top:
self.cv.tag_raise(lineitem)
def _delete(self, item):
self.cv.delete(item)
def _update(self):
"""Redraw graphics items on canvas
"""
self.cv.update()
def _delay(self, delay):
"""Delay subsequent canvas actions for delay ms."""
self.cv.after(delay)
def _iscolorstring(self, color):
"""Check if the string color is a legal Tkinter color string.
"""
try:
rgb = self.cv.winfo_rgb(color)
ok = True
except TK.TclError:
ok = False
return ok
def _bgcolor(self, color=None):
if color is not None:
self.cv.config(bg = color)
self._update()
else:
return self.cv.cget("bg")
def _write(self, pos, txt, align, font, pencolor):
x, y = pos
x = x * self.xscale
y = y * self.yscale
anchor = {"left":"sw", "center":"s", "right":"se" }
item = self.cv.create_text(x-1, -y, text = txt, anchor = anchor,
fill = pencolor, font = font)
x0, y0, x1, y1 = self.cv.bbox(item)
self.cv.update()
return item, x1-1
## def _dot(self, pos, size, color):
## """may be implemented for some other graphics toolkit"""
def _onclick(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
"""Bind fun to mouse-click event on turtle.
fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates
of the clicked point on the canvas.
num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
"""
if fun is None:
self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button-%s>" % num)
else:
def eventfun(event):
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
fun(x, y)
self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button-%s>" % num, eventfun, add)
def _onrelease(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
if fun is None:
self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button%s-ButtonRelease>" % num)
else:
def eventfun(event):
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
fun(x, y)
self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button%s-ButtonRelease>" % num,
eventfun, add)
def _ondrag(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
"""Bind fun to mouse-move-event (with pressed mouse button) on turtle.
fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the
actual mouse position on the canvas.
num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
mouse-click event on that turtle.
"""
if fun is None:
self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button%s-Motion>" % num)
else:
def eventfun(event):
try:
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
fun(x, y)
except Exception:
pass
self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button%s-Motion>" % num, eventfun, add)
def _onscreenclick(self, fun, num=1, add=None):
if fun is None:
self.cv.unbind("<Button-%s>" % num)
else:
def eventfun(event):
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
fun(x, y)
self.cv.bind("<Button-%s>" % num, eventfun, add)
def _onkeyrelease(self, fun, key):
"""Bind fun to key-release event of key.
Canvas must have focus. See method listen
"""
if fun is None:
self.cv.unbind("<KeyRelease-%s>" % key, None)
else:
def eventfun(event):
fun()
self.cv.bind("<KeyRelease-%s>" % key, eventfun)
def _onkeypress(self, fun, key=None):
"""If key is given, bind fun to key-press event of key.
Otherwise bind fun to any key-press.
Canvas must have focus. See method listen.
"""
if fun is None:
if key is None:
self.cv.unbind("<KeyPress>", None)
else:
self.cv.unbind("<KeyPress-%s>" % key, None)
else:
def eventfun(event):
fun()
if key is None:
self.cv.bind("<KeyPress>", eventfun)
else:
self.cv.bind("<KeyPress-%s>" % key, eventfun)
def _listen(self):
"""Set focus on canvas (in order to collect key-events)
"""
self.cv.focus_force()
def _ontimer(self, fun, t):
"""Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds.
"""
if t == 0:
self.cv.after_idle(fun)
else:
self.cv.after(t, fun)
def _createimage(self, image):
"""Create and return image item on canvas.
"""
return self.cv.create_image(0, 0, image=image)
def _drawimage(self, item, pos, image):
"""Configure image item as to draw image object
at position (x,y) on canvas)
"""
x, y = pos
self.cv.coords(item, (x * self.xscale, -y * self.yscale))
self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image)
def _setbgpic(self, item, image):
"""Configure image item as to draw image object
at center of canvas. Set item to the first item
in the displaylist, so it will be drawn below
any other item ."""
self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image)
self.cv.tag_lower(item)
def _type(self, item):
"""Return 'line' or 'polygon' or 'image' depending on
type of item.
"""
return self.cv.type(item)
def _pointlist(self, item):
"""returns list of coordinate-pairs of points of item
Example (for insiders):
>>> from turtle import *
>>> getscreen()._pointlist(getturtle().turtle._item)
[(0.0, 9.9999999999999982), (0.0, -9.9999999999999982),
(9.9999999999999982, 0.0)]
>>> """
cl = self.cv.coords(item)
pl = [(cl, -cl) for i in range(0, len(cl), 2)]
returnpl
def _setscrollregion(self, srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2):
self.cv.config(scrollregion=(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2))
def _rescale(self, xscalefactor, yscalefactor):
items = self.cv.find_all()
for item in items:
coordinates = list(self.cv.coords(item))
newcoordlist = []
while coordinates:
x, y = coordinates[:2]
newcoordlist.append(x * xscalefactor)
newcoordlist.append(y * yscalefactor)
coordinates = coordinates
self.cv.coords(item, *newcoordlist)
def _resize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None):
"""Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Does
not alter the drawing window.
"""
# needs amendment
if not isinstance(self.cv, ScrolledCanvas):
return self.canvwidth, self.canvheight
if canvwidth is canvheight is bg is None:
return self.cv.canvwidth, self.cv.canvheight
if canvwidth is not None:
self.canvwidth = canvwidth
if canvheight is not None:
self.canvheight = canvheight
self.cv.reset(canvwidth, canvheight, bg)
def _window_size(self):
""" Return the width and height of the turtle window.
"""
width = self.cv.winfo_width()
if width <= 1:
width = self.cv['width']
height = self.cv.winfo_height()
if height <= 1:
height = self.cv['height']
return width, height
def mainloop(self):
TK.mainloop()
def textinput(self, title, prompt):
return simpledialog.askstring(title, prompt)
def numinput(self, title, prompt, default=None, minval=None, maxval=None):
return simpledialog.askfloat(title, prompt, initialvalue=default,
minvalue=minval, maxvalue=maxval)
class Terminator (Exception):
pass
class TurtleGraphicsError(Exception):
"""Some TurtleGraphics Error
"""
class Shape(object):
def __init__(self, type_, data=None):
self._type = type_
if type_ == "polygon":
if isinstance(data, list):
data = tuple(data)
elif type_ == "image":
if isinstance(data, str):
if data.lower().endswith(".gif") and isfile(data):
data = TurtleScreen._image(data)
# else data assumed to be Photoimage
elif type_ == "compound":
data = []
else:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape type %s" % type_)
self._data = data
def addcomponent(self, poly, fill, outline=None):
if self._type != "compound":
raise TurtleGraphicsError("Cannot add component to %s Shape"
% self._type)
if outline is None:
outline = fill
self._data.append()
class Tbuffer(object):
"""Ring buffer used as undobuffer for RawTurtle objects."""
def __init__(self, bufsize=10):
self.bufsize = bufsize
self.buffer = [] * bufsize
self.ptr = -1
self.cumulate = False
def reset(self, bufsize=None):
if bufsize is None:
for i in range(self.bufsize):
self.buffer =
else:
self.bufsize = bufsize
self.buffer = [] * bufsize
self.ptr = -1
def push(self, item):
if self.bufsize > 0:
if not self.cumulate:
self.ptr = (self.ptr + 1) % self.bufsize
self.buffer = item
else:
self.buffer.append(item)
def pop(self):
if self.bufsize > 0:
item = self.buffer
if item is None:
return None
else:
self.buffer =
self.ptr = (self.ptr - 1) % self.bufsize
return (item)
def nr_of_items(self):
return self.bufsize - self.buffer.count()
def __repr__(self):
return str(self.buffer) + " " + str(self.ptr)
class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase):
_RUNNING = True
def __init__(self, cv, mode=_CFG["mode"],
colormode=_CFG["colormode"], delay=_CFG["delay"]):
self._shapes = {
"arrow" : Shape("polygon", ((-10,0), (10,0), (0,10))),
"turtle" : Shape("polygon", ((0,16), (-2,14), (-1,10), (-4,7),
(-7,9), (-9,8), (-6,5), (-7,1), (-5,-3), (-8,-6),
(-6,-8), (-4,-5), (0,-7), (4,-5), (6,-8), (8,-6),
(5,-3), (7,1), (6,5), (9,8), (7,9), (4,7), (1,10),
(2,14))),
"circle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,0), (9.51,3.09), (8.09,5.88),
(5.88,8.09), (3.09,9.51), (0,10), (-3.09,9.51),
(-5.88,8.09), (-8.09,5.88), (-9.51,3.09), (-10,0),
(-9.51,-3.09), (-8.09,-5.88), (-5.88,-8.09),
(-3.09,-9.51), (-0.00,-10.00), (3.09,-9.51),
(5.88,-8.09), (8.09,-5.88), (9.51,-3.09))),
"square" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-10), (10,10), (-10,10),
(-10,-10))),
"triangle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-5.77), (0,11.55),
(-10,-5.77))),
"classic": Shape("polygon", ((0,0),(-5,-9),(0,-7),(5,-9))),
"blank" : Shape("image", self._blankimage())
}
self._bgpics = {"nopic" : ""}
TurtleScreenBase.__init__(self, cv)
self._mode = mode
self._delayvalue = delay
self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"]
self._keys = []
self.clear()
if sys.platform == 'darwin':
rootwindow = cv.winfo_toplevel()
rootwindow.call('wm', 'attributes', '.', '-topmost', '1')
rootwindow.call('wm', 'attributes', '.', '-topmost', '0')
def clear(self):
self._delayvalue = _CFG["delay"]
self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"]
self._delete("all")
self._bgpic = self._createimage("")
self._bgpicname = "nopic"
self._tracing = 1
self._updatecounter = 0
self._turtles = []
self.bgcolor("white")
for btn in 1, 2, 3:
self.onclick(None, btn)
self.onkeypress(None)
for key in self._keys[:]:
self.onkey(None, key)
self.onkeypress(None, key)
Turtle._pen = None
def mode(self, mode=None):
if mode is None:
return self._mode
mode = mode.lower()
if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("No turtle-graphics-mode %s" % mode)
self._mode = mode
if mode in ["standard", "logo"]:
self._setscrollregion(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2,
self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2)
self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0
self.reset()
def setworldcoordinates(self, llx, lly, urx, ury):
if self.mode() != "world":
self.mode("world")
xspan = float(urx - llx)
yspan = float(ury - lly)
wx, wy = self._window_size()
self.screensize(wx-20, wy-20)
oldxscale, oldyscale = self.xscale, self.yscale
self.xscale = self.canvwidth / xspan
self.yscale = self.canvheight / yspan
srx1 = llx * self.xscale
sry1 = -ury * self.yscale
srx2 = self.canvwidth + srx1
sry2 = self.canvheight + sry1
self._setscrollregion(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2)
self._rescale(self.xscale/oldxscale, self.yscale/oldyscale)
self.update()
def register_shape(self, name, shape=None):
if shape is None:
# image
if name.lower().endswith(".gif"):
shape = Shape("image", self._image(name))
else:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad arguments for register_shape.\n"
+ "Usehelp(register_shape)" )
elif isinstance(shape, tuple):
shape = Shape("polygon", shape)
## else shape assumed to be Shape-instance
self._shapes = shape
def _colorstr(self, color):
if len(color) == 1:
color = color
if isinstance(color, str):
if self._iscolorstring(color) or color == "":
return color
else:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color string: %s" % str(color))
try:
r, g, b = color
except (TypeError, ValueError):
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(color))
if self._colormode == 1.0:
r, g, b =
if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)):
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(color))
return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b)
def _color(self, cstr):
if not cstr.startswith("#"):
return cstr
if len(cstr) == 7:
cl = , 16) for i in (1, 3, 5)]
elif len(cstr) == 4:
cl = , 16) for h in cstr]
else:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad colorstring: %s" % cstr)
return tuple(c * self._colormode/255 for c in cl)
def colormode(self, cmode=None):
if cmode is None:
return self._colormode
if cmode == 1.0:
self._colormode = float(cmode)
elif cmode == 255:
self._colormode = int(cmode)
def reset(self):
for turtle in self._turtles:
turtle._setmode(self._mode)
turtle.reset()
def turtles(self):
return self._turtles
def bgcolor(self, *args):
if args:
color = self._colorstr(args)
else:
color = None
color = self._bgcolor(color)
if color is not None:
color = self._color(color)
return color
def tracer(self, n=None, delay=None):
if n is None:
return self._tracing
self._tracing = int(n)
self._updatecounter = 0
if delay is not None:
self._delayvalue = int(delay)
if self._tracing:
self.update()
def delay(self, delay=None):
if delay is None:
return self._delayvalue
self._delayvalue = int(delay)
def _incrementudc(self):
"""Increment update counter."""
if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
raise Terminator
if self._tracing > 0:
self._updatecounter += 1
self._updatecounter %= self._tracing
def update(self):
"""Perform a TurtleScreen update.
"""
tracing = self._tracing
self._tracing = True
for t in self.turtles():
t._update_data()
t._drawturtle()
self._tracing = tracing
self._update()
def window_width(self):
return self._window_size()
def window_height(self):
return self._window_size()
def getcanvas(self):
return self.cv
def getshapes(self):
return sorted(self._shapes.keys())
def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
self._onscreenclick(fun, btn, add)
def onkey(self, fun, key):
if fun is None:
if key in self._keys:
self._keys.remove(key)
elif key not in self._keys:
self._keys.append(key)
self._onkeyrelease(fun, key)
def onkeypress(self, fun, key=None):
if fun is None:
if key in self._keys:
self._keys.remove(key)
elif key is not None and key not in self._keys:
self._keys.append(key)
self._onkeypress(fun, key)
def listen(self, xdummy=None, ydummy=None):
self._listen()
def ontimer(self, fun, t=0):
self._ontimer(fun, t)
def bgpic(self, picname=None):
if picname is None:
return self._bgpicname
if picname not in self._bgpics:
self._bgpics = self._image(picname)
self._setbgpic(self._bgpic, self._bgpics)
self._bgpicname = picname
def screensize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None):
return self._resize(canvwidth, canvheight, bg)
onscreenclick = onclick
resetscreen = reset
clearscreen = clear
addshape = register_shape
onkeyrelease = onkey
class TNavigator(object):
"""Navigation part of the RawTurtle.
Implements methods for turtle movement.
"""
START_ORIENTATION = {
"standard": Vec2D(1.0, 0.0),
"world" : Vec2D(1.0, 0.0),
"logo" : Vec2D(0.0, 1.0)}
DEFAULT_MODE = "standard"
DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0
DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1
def __init__(self, mode=DEFAULT_MODE):
self._angleOffset = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET
self._angleOrient = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT
self._mode = mode
self.undobuffer = None
self.degrees()
self._mode = None
self._setmode(mode)
TNavigator.reset(self)
def reset(self):
self._position = Vec2D(0.0, 0.0)
self._orient =TNavigator.START_ORIENTATION
def _setmode(self, mode=None):
"""Set turtle-mode to 'standard', 'world' or 'logo'.
"""
if mode is None:
return self._mode
if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]:
return
self._mode = mode
if mode in ["standard", "world"]:
self._angleOffset = 0
self._angleOrient = 1
else: # mode == "logo":
self._angleOffset = self._fullcircle/4.
self._angleOrient = -1
def _setDegreesPerAU(self, fullcircle):
"""Helper function for degrees() and radians()"""
self._fullcircle = fullcircle
self._degreesPerAU = 360/fullcircle
if self._mode == "standard":
self._angleOffset = 0
else:
self._angleOffset = fullcircle/4.
def degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0):
self._setDegreesPerAU(fullcircle)
def radians(self):
self._setDegreesPerAU(2*math.pi)
def _go(self, distance):
"""move turtle forward by specified distance"""
ende = self._position + self._orient * distance
self._goto(ende)
def _rotate(self, angle):
"""Turn turtle counterclockwise by specified angle if angle > 0."""
angle *= self._degreesPerAU
self._orient = self._orient.rotate(angle)
def _goto(self, end):
"""move turtle to position end."""
self._position = end
def forward(self, distance):
self._go(distance)
def back(self, distance):
self._go(-distance)
def right(self, angle):
self._rotate(-angle)
def left(self, angle):
self._rotate(angle)
def pos(self):
return self._position
def xcor(self):
return self._position
def ycor(self):
return self._position
def goto(self, x, y=None):
if y is None:
self._goto(Vec2D(*x))
else:
self._goto(Vec2D(x, y))
def home(self):
self.goto(0, 0)
self.setheading(0)
def setx(self, x):
self._goto(Vec2D(x, self._position))
def sety(self, y):
self._goto(Vec2D(self._position, y))
def distance(self, x, y=None):
if y is not None:
pos = Vec2D(x, y)
if isinstance(x, Vec2D):
pos = x
elif isinstance(x, tuple):
pos = Vec2D(*x)
elif isinstance(x, TNavigator):
pos = x._position
return abs(pos - self._position)
def towards(self, x, y=None):
if y is not None:
pos = Vec2D(x, y)
if isinstance(x, Vec2D):
pos = x
elif isinstance(x, tuple):
pos = Vec2D(*x)
elif isinstance(x, TNavigator):
pos = x._position
x, y = pos - self._position
result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0
result /= self._degreesPerAU
return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle
def heading(self):
x, y = self._orient
result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0
result /= self._degreesPerAU
return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle
def setheading(self, to_angle):
angle = (to_angle - self.heading())*self._angleOrient
full = self._fullcircle
angle = (angle+full/2.)%full - full/2.
self._rotate(angle)
def circle(self, radius, extent = None, steps = None):
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
speed = self.speed()
if extent is None:
extent = self._fullcircle
if steps is None:
frac = abs(extent)/self._fullcircle
steps = 1+int(min(11+abs(radius)/6.0, 59.0)*frac)
w = 1.0 * extent / steps
w2 = 0.5 * w
l = 2.0 * radius * math.sin(w2*math.pi/180.0*self._degreesPerAU)
if radius < 0:
l, w, w2 = -l, -w, -w2
tr = self._tracer()
dl = self._delay()
if speed == 0:
self._tracer(0, 0)
else:
self.speed(0)
self._rotate(w2)
for i in range(steps):
self.speed(speed)
self._go(l)
self.speed(0)
self._rotate(w)
self._rotate(-w2)
if speed == 0:
self._tracer(tr, dl)
self.speed(speed)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class:
def speed(self, s=0):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
def _tracer(self, a=None, b=None):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
def _delay(self, n=None):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
fd = forward
bk = back
backward = back
rt = right
lt = left
position = pos
setpos = goto
setposition = goto
seth = setheading
class TPen(object):
def __init__(self, resizemode=_CFG["resizemode"]):
self._resizemode = resizemode # or "user" or "noresize"
self.undobuffer = None
TPen._reset(self)
def _reset(self, pencolor=_CFG["pencolor"],
fillcolor=_CFG["fillcolor"]):
self._pensize = 1
self._shown = True
self._pencolor = pencolor
self._fillcolor = fillcolor
self._drawing = True
self._speed = 3
self._stretchfactor = (1., 1.)
self._shearfactor = 0.
self._tilt = 0.
self._shapetrafo = (1., 0., 0., 1.)
self._outlinewidth = 1
def resizemode(self, rmode=None):
if rmode is None:
return self._resizemode
rmode = rmode.lower()
if rmode in ["auto", "user", "noresize"]:
self.pen(resizemode=rmode)
def pensize(self, width=None):
if width is None:
return self._pensize
self.pen(pensize=width)
def penup(self):
if not self._drawing:
return
self.pen(pendown=False)
def pendown(self):
if self._drawing:
return
self.pen(pendown=True)
def isdown(self):
return self._drawing
def speed(self, speed=None):
speeds = {'fastest':0, 'fast':10, 'normal':6, 'slow':3, 'slowest':1 }
if speed is None:
return self._speed
if speed in speeds:
speed = speeds
elif 0.5 < speed < 10.5:
speed = int(round(speed))
else:
speed = 0
self.pen(speed=speed)
def color(self, *args):
if args:
l = len(args)
if l == 1:
pcolor = fcolor = args
elif l == 2:
pcolor, fcolor = args
elif l == 3:
pcolor = fcolor = args
pcolor = self._colorstr(pcolor)
fcolor = self._colorstr(fcolor)
self.pen(pencolor=pcolor, fillcolor=fcolor)
else:
return self._color(self._pencolor), self._color(self._fillcolor)
def pencolor(self, *args):
if args:
color = self._colorstr(args)
if color == self._pencolor:
return
self.pen(pencolor=color)
else:
return self._color(self._pencolor)
def fillcolor(self, *args):
if args:
color = self._colorstr(args)
if color == self._fillcolor:
return
self.pen(fillcolor=color)
else:
return self._color(self._fillcolor)
def showturtle(self):
self.pen(shown=True)
def hideturtle(self):
self.pen(shown=False)
def isvisible(self):
return self._shown
def pen(self, pen=None, **pendict):
_pd ={"shown" : self._shown,
"pendown" : self._drawing,
"pencolor" : self._pencolor,
"fillcolor" : self._fillcolor,
"pensize" : self._pensize,
"speed" : self._speed,
"resizemode" : self._resizemode,
"stretchfactor" : self._stretchfactor,
"shearfactor" : self._shearfactor,
"outline" : self._outlinewidth,
"tilt" : self._tilt
}
if not (pen or pendict):
return _pd
if isinstance(pen, dict):
p = pen
else:
p = {}
p.update(pendict)
_p_buf = {}
for key in p:
_p_buf = _pd
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("pen", _p_buf))
newLine = False
if "pendown" in p:
if self._drawing != p["pendown"]:
newLine = True
if "pencolor" in p:
if isinstance(p["pencolor"], tuple):
p["pencolor"] = self._colorstr((p["pencolor"],))
if self._pencolor != p["pencolor"]:
newLine = True
if "pensize" in p:
if self._pensize != p["pensize"]:
newLine = True
if newLine:
self._newLine()
if "pendown" in p:
self._drawing = p["pendown"]
if "pencolor" in p:
self._pencolor = p["pencolor"]
if "pensize" in p:
self._pensize = p["pensize"]
if "fillcolor" in p:
if isinstance(p["fillcolor"], tuple):
p["fillcolor"] = self._colorstr((p["fillcolor"],))
self._fillcolor = p["fillcolor"]
if "speed" in p:
self._speed = p["speed"]
if "resizemode" in p:
self._resizemode = p["resizemode"]
if "stretchfactor" in p:
sf = p["stretchfactor"]
if isinstance(sf, (int, float)):
sf = (sf, sf)
self._stretchfactor = sf
if "shearfactor" in p:
self._shearfactor = p["shearfactor"]
if "outline" in p:
self._outlinewidth = p["outline"]
if "shown" in p:
self._shown = p["shown"]
if "tilt" in p:
self._tilt = p["tilt"]
if "stretchfactor" in p or "tilt" in p or "shearfactor" in p:
scx, scy = self._stretchfactor
shf = self._shearfactor
sa, ca = math.sin(self._tilt), math.cos(self._tilt)
self._shapetrafo = ( scx*ca, scy*(shf*ca + sa),
-scx*sa, scy*(ca - shf*sa))
self._update()
## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class:
def _newLine(self, usePos = True):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
def _update(self, count=True, forced=False):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
def _color(self, args):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
def _colorstr(self, args):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
width = pensize
up = penup
pu = penup
pd = pendown
down = pendown
st = showturtle
ht = hideturtle
class _TurtleImage(object):
"""Helper class: Datatype to store Turtle attributes
"""
def __init__(self, screen, shapeIndex):
self.screen = screen
self._type = None
self._setshape(shapeIndex)
def _setshape(self, shapeIndex):
screen = self.screen
self.shapeIndex = shapeIndex
if self._type == "polygon" == screen._shapes._type:
return
if self._type == "image" == screen._shapes._type:
return
if self._type in ["image", "polygon"]:
screen._delete(self._item)
elif self._type == "compound":
for item in self._item:
screen._delete(item)
self._type = screen._shapes._type
if self._type == "polygon":
self._item = screen._createpoly()
elif self._type == "image":
self._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
elif self._type == "compound":
self._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in
screen._shapes._data]
class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator):
"""Animation part of the RawTurtle.
Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for
its animation.
"""
screens = []
def __init__(self, canvas=None,
shape=_CFG["shape"],
undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"],
visible=_CFG["visible"]):
if isinstance(canvas, _Screen):
self.screen = canvas
elif isinstance(canvas, TurtleScreen):
if canvas not in RawTurtle.screens:
RawTurtle.screens.append(canvas)
self.screen = canvas
elif isinstance(canvas, (ScrolledCanvas, Canvas)):
for screen in RawTurtle.screens:
if screen.cv == canvas:
self.screen = screen
break
else:
self.screen = TurtleScreen(canvas)
RawTurtle.screens.append(self.screen)
else:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad canvas argument %s" % canvas)
screen = self.screen
TNavigator.__init__(self, screen.mode())
TPen.__init__(self)
screen._turtles.append(self)
self.drawingLineItem = screen._createline()
self.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, shape)
self._poly = None
self._creatingPoly = False
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
self._shown = visible
self._hidden_from_screen = False
self.currentLineItem = screen._createline()
self.currentLine =
self.items =
self.stampItems = []
self._undobuffersize = undobuffersize
self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(undobuffersize)
self._update()
def reset(self):
"""Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
No argument.
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
and set variables to the default values.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
"""
TNavigator.reset(self)
TPen._reset(self)
self._clear()
self._drawturtle()
self._update()
def setundobuffer(self, size):
"""Set or disable undobuffer.
Argument:
size -- an integer or None
If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
by the undo() function.
If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
"""
if size is None or size <= 0:
self.undobuffer = None
else:
self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(size)
def undobufferentries(self):
"""Return count of entries in the undobuffer.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> while undobufferentries():
... undo()
"""
if self.undobuffer is None:
return 0
return self.undobuffer.nr_of_items()
def _clear(self):
"""Delete all of pen's drawings"""
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
for item in self.items:
self.screen._delete(item)
self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline()
self.currentLine = []
if self._drawing:
self.currentLine.append(self._position)
self.items =
self.clearstamps()
self.setundobuffer(self._undobuffersize)
def clear(self):
"""Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
No arguments.
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
turtles are not affected.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.clear()
"""
self._clear()
self._update()
def _update_data(self):
self.screen._incrementudc()
if self.screen._updatecounter != 0:
return
if len(self.currentLine)>1:
self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine,
self._pencolor, self._pensize)
def _update(self):
"""Perform a Turtle-data update.
"""
screen = self.screen
if screen._tracing == 0:
return
elif screen._tracing == 1:
self._update_data()
self._drawturtle()
screen._update() # TurtleScreenBase
screen._delay(screen._delayvalue) # TurtleScreenBase
else:
self._update_data()
if screen._updatecounter == 0:
for t in screen.turtles():
t._drawturtle()
screen._update()
def _tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None):
"""Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
Optional arguments:
n -- nonnegativeinteger
delay -- nonnegativeinteger
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... turtle.fd(dist)
... turtle.rt(90)
... dist += 2
"""
return self.screen.tracer(flag, delay)
def _color(self, args):
return self.screen._color(args)
def _colorstr(self, args):
return self.screen._colorstr(args)
def _cc(self, args):
"""Convert colortriples to hexstrings.
"""
if isinstance(args, str):
return args
try:
r, g, b = args
except (TypeError, ValueError):
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(args))
if self.screen._colormode == 1.0:
r, g, b =
if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)):
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(args))
return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b)
def clone(self):
"""Create and return a clone of the turtle.
No argument.
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
and turtle properties.
Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
mick = Turtle()
joe = mick.clone()
"""
screen = self.screen
self._newLine(self._drawing)
turtle = self.turtle
self.screen = None
self.turtle = None# too make self deepcopy-able
q = deepcopy(self)
self.screen = screen
self.turtle = turtle
q.screen = screen
q.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, self.turtle.shapeIndex)
screen._turtles.append(q)
ttype = screen._shapes._type
if ttype == "polygon":
q.turtle._item = screen._createpoly()
elif ttype == "image":
q.turtle._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
elif ttype == "compound":
q.turtle._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in
screen._shapes._data]
q.currentLineItem = screen._createline()
q._update()
return q
def shape(self, name=None):
"""Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
Optional argument:
name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
return name of current shape.
Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape()
'arrow'
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
>>> turtle.shape()
'turtle'
"""
if name is None:
return self.turtle.shapeIndex
if not name in self.screen.getshapes():
raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape named %s" % name)
self.turtle._setshape(name)
self._update()
def shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None):
"""Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
Optional arguments:
stretch_wid : positive number
stretch_len : positive number
outline: positive number
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
Set resizemode to "user".
If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
stretched according to its stretchfactors:
stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
"""
if stretch_wid is stretch_len is outline is None:
stretch_wid, stretch_len = self._stretchfactor
return stretch_wid, stretch_len, self._outlinewidth
if stretch_wid == 0 or stretch_len == 0:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("stretch_wid/stretch_len must not be zero")
if stretch_wid is not None:
if stretch_len is None:
stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_wid
else:
stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_len
elif stretch_len is not None:
stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor, stretch_len
else:
stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor
if outline is None:
outline = self._outlinewidth
self.pen(resizemode="user",
stretchfactor=stretchfactor, outline=outline)
def shearfactor(self, shear=None):
if shear is None:
return self._shearfactor
self.pen(resizemode="user", shearfactor=shear)
def settiltangle(self, angle):
tilt = -angle * self._degreesPerAU * self._angleOrient
tilt = (tilt * math.pi / 180.0) % (2*math.pi)
self.pen(resizemode="user", tilt=tilt)
def tiltangle(self, angle=None):
if angle is None:
tilt = -self._tilt * (180.0/math.pi) * self._angleOrient
return (tilt / self._degreesPerAU) % self._fullcircle
else:
self.settiltangle(angle)
def tilt(self, angle):
self.settiltangle(angle + self.tiltangle())
def shapetransform(self, t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None):
if t11 is t12 is t21 is t22 is None:
return self._shapetrafo
m11, m12, m21, m22 = self._shapetrafo
if t11 is not None: m11 = t11
if t12 is not None: m12 = t12
if t21 is not None: m21 = t21
if t22 is not None: m22 = t22
if t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 == 0:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad shape transform matrix: must not be singular")
self._shapetrafo = (m11, m12, m21, m22)
alfa = math.atan2(-m21, m11) % (2 * math.pi)
sa, ca = math.sin(alfa), math.cos(alfa)
a11, a12, a21, a22 = (ca*m11 - sa*m21, ca*m12 - sa*m22,
sa*m11 + ca*m21, sa*m12 + ca*m22)
self._stretchfactor = a11, a22
self._shearfactor = a12/a22
self._tilt = alfa
self.pen(resizemode="user")
def _polytrafo(self, poly):
"""Computes transformed polygon shapes from a shape
according to current position and heading.
"""
screen = self.screen
p0, p1 = self._position
e0, e1 = self._orient
e = Vec2D(e0, e1 * screen.yscale / screen.xscale)
e0, e1 = (1.0 / abs(e)) * e
return [(p0+(e1*x+e0*y)/screen.xscale, p1+(-e0*x+e1*y)/screen.yscale)
for (x, y) in poly]
def get_shapepoly(self):
shape = self.screen._shapes
if shape._type == "polygon":
return self._getshapepoly(shape._data, shape._type == "compound")
# else return None
def _getshapepoly(self, polygon, compound=False):
"""Calculate transformed shape polygon according to resizemode
and shapetransform.
"""
if self._resizemode == "user" or compound:
t11, t12, t21, t22 = self._shapetrafo
elif self._resizemode == "auto":
l = max(1, self._pensize/5.0)
t11, t12, t21, t22 = l, 0, 0, l
elif self._resizemode == "noresize":
return polygon
return tuple((t11*x + t12*y, t21*x + t22*y) for (x, y) in polygon)
def _drawturtle(self):
"""Manages the correct rendering of the turtle with respect to
its shape, resizemode, stretch and tilt etc."""
screen = self.screen
shape = screen._shapes
ttype = shape._type
titem = self.turtle._item
if self._shown and screen._updatecounter == 0 and screen._tracing > 0:
self._hidden_from_screen = False
tshape = shape._data
if ttype == "polygon":
if self._resizemode == "noresize": w = 1
elif self._resizemode == "auto": w = self._pensize
else: w =self._outlinewidth
shape = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(tshape))
fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor
screen._drawpoly(titem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc,
width=w, top=True)
elif ttype == "image":
screen._drawimage(titem, self._position, tshape)
elif ttype == "compound":
for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(titem, tshape):
poly = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(poly, True))
screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc),
outline=self._cc(oc), width=self._outlinewidth, top=True)
else:
if self._hidden_from_screen:
return
if ttype == "polygon":
screen._drawpoly(titem, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "")
elif ttype == "image":
screen._drawimage(titem, self._position,
screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
elif ttype == "compound":
for item in titem:
screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "")
self._hidden_from_screen = True
##############################stamp stuff###############################
def stamp(self):
screen = self.screen
shape = screen._shapes
ttype = shape._type
tshape = shape._data
if ttype == "polygon":
stitem = screen._createpoly()
if self._resizemode == "noresize": w = 1
elif self._resizemode == "auto": w = self._pensize
else: w =self._outlinewidth
shape = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(tshape))
fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor
screen._drawpoly(stitem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc,
width=w, top=True)
elif ttype == "image":
stitem = screen._createimage("")
screen._drawimage(stitem, self._position, tshape)
elif ttype == "compound":
stitem = []
for element in tshape:
item = screen._createpoly()
stitem.append(item)
stitem = tuple(stitem)
for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(stitem, tshape):
poly = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(poly, True))
screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc),
outline=self._cc(oc), width=self._outlinewidth, top=True)
self.stampItems.append(stitem)
self.undobuffer.push(("stamp", stitem))
return stitem
def _clearstamp(self, stampid):
"""does the work for clearstamp() and clearstamps()
"""
if stampid in self.stampItems:
if isinstance(stampid, tuple):
for subitem in stampid:
self.screen._delete(subitem)
else:
self.screen._delete(stampid)
self.stampItems.remove(stampid)
# Delete stampitem from undobuffer if necessary
# if clearstamp is called directly.
item = ("stamp", stampid)
buf = self.undobuffer
if item not in buf.buffer:
return
index = buf.buffer.index(item)
buf.buffer.remove(item)
if index <= buf.ptr:
buf.ptr = (buf.ptr - 1) % buf.bufsize
buf.buffer.insert((buf.ptr+1)%buf.bufsize, )
def clearstamp(self, stampid):
self._clearstamp(stampid)
self._update()
def clearstamps(self, n=None):
if n is None:
toDelete = self.stampItems[:]
elif n >= 0:
toDelete = self.stampItems[:n]
else:
toDelete = self.stampItems
for item in toDelete:
self._clearstamp(item)
self._update()
def _goto(self, end):
"""Move the pen to the point end, thereby drawing a line
if pen is down. All other methods for turtle movement depend
on this one.
"""
## Version with undo-stuff
go_modes = ( self._drawing,
self._pencolor,
self._pensize,
isinstance(self._fillpath, list))
screen = self.screen
undo_entry = ("go", self._position, end, go_modes,
(self.currentLineItem,
self.currentLine[:],
screen._pointlist(self.currentLineItem),
self.items[:])
)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(undo_entry)
start = self._position
if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1:
diff = (end-start)
diffsq = (diff*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff*screen.yscale)**2
nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed))
delta = diff * (1.0/nhops)
for n in range(1, nhops):
if n == 1:
top = True
else:
top = False
self._position = start + delta * n
if self._drawing:
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem,
(start, self._position),
self._pencolor, self._pensize, top)
self._update()
if self._drawing:
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)),
fill="", width=self._pensize)
# Turtle now at end,
if self._drawing: # now update currentLine
self.currentLine.append(end)
if isinstance(self._fillpath, list):
self._fillpath.append(end)
###### vererbung!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
self._position = end
if self._creatingPoly:
self._poly.append(end)
if len(self.currentLine) > 42: # 42! answer to the ultimate question
# of life, the universe and everything
self._newLine()
self._update() #count=True)
def _undogoto(self, entry):
"""Reverse a _goto. Used for undo()
"""
old, new, go_modes, coodata = entry
drawing, pc, ps, filling = go_modes
cLI, cL, pl, items = coodata
screen = self.screen
if abs(self._position - new) > 0.5:
print ("undogoto: HALLO-DA-STIMMT-WAS-NICHT!")
# restore former situation
self.currentLineItem = cLI
self.currentLine = cL
if pl == [(0, 0), (0, 0)]:
usepc = ""
else:
usepc = pc
screen._drawline(cLI, pl, fill=usepc, width=ps)
todelete = [i for i in self.items if (i not in items) and
(screen._type(i) == "line")]
for i in todelete:
screen._delete(i)
self.items.remove(i)
start = old
if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1:
diff = old - new
diffsq = (diff*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff*screen.yscale)**2
nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed))
delta = diff * (1.0/nhops)
for n in range(1, nhops):
if n == 1:
top = True
else:
top = False
self._position = new + delta * n
if drawing:
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem,
(start, self._position),
pc, ps, top)
self._update()
if drawing:
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)),
fill="", width=ps)
# Turtle now at position old,
self._position = old
if self._creatingPoly:
if len(self._poly) > 0:
self._poly.pop()
if self._poly == []:
self._creatingPoly = False
self._poly = None
if filling:
if self._fillpath == []:
self._fillpath = None
print("Unwahrscheinlich in _undogoto!")
elif self._fillpath is not None:
self._fillpath.pop()
self._update() #count=True)
def _rotate(self, angle):
"""Turns pen clockwise by angle.
"""
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("rot", angle, self._degreesPerAU))
angle *= self._degreesPerAU
neworient = self._orient.rotate(angle)
tracing = self.screen._tracing
if tracing == 1 and self._speed > 0:
anglevel = 3.0 * self._speed
steps = 1 + int(abs(angle)/anglevel)
delta = 1.0*angle/steps
for _ in range(steps):
self._orient = self._orient.rotate(delta)
self._update()
self._orient = neworient
self._update()
def _newLine(self, usePos=True):
if len(self.currentLine) > 1:
self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine,
self._pencolor, self._pensize)
self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline()
self.items.append(self.currentLineItem)
else:
self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, top=True)
self.currentLine = []
if usePos:
self.currentLine =
def filling(self):
"""Return fillstate (True if filling, False else).
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> if turtle.filling():
... turtle.pensize(5)
... else:
... turtle.pensize(3)
"""
return isinstance(self._fillpath, list)
def begin_fill(self):
if not self.filling():
self._fillitem = self.screen._createpoly()
self.items.append(self._fillitem)
self._fillpath =
self._newLine()
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("beginfill", self._fillitem))
self._update()
def end_fill(self):
"""Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("black", "red")
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.circle(60)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
"""
if self.filling():
if len(self._fillpath) > 2:
self.screen._drawpoly(self._fillitem, self._fillpath,
fill=self._fillcolor)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("dofill", self._fillitem))
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
self._update()
def dot(self, size=None, *color):
if not color:
if isinstance(size, (str, tuple)):
color = self._colorstr(size)
size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
else:
color = self._pencolor
if not size:
size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
else:
if size is None:
size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
color = self._colorstr(color)
if hasattr(self.screen, "_dot"):
item = self.screen._dot(self._position, size, color)
self.items.append(item)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("dot", item))
else:
pen = self.pen()
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
try:
if self.resizemode() == 'auto':
self.ht()
self.pendown()
self.pensize(size)
self.pencolor(color)
self.forward(0)
finally:
self.pen(pen)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
def _write(self, txt, align, font):
"""Performs the writing for write()
"""
item, end = self.screen._write(self._position, txt, align, font,
self._pencolor)
self.items.append(item)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("wri", item))
return end
def write(self, arg, move=False, align="left", font=("Arial", 8, "normal")):
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
end = self._write(str(arg), align.lower(), font)
if move:
x, y = self.pos()
self.setpos(end, y)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
def begin_poly(self):
"""Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
is first point of polygon.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_poly()
"""
self._poly =
self._creatingPoly = True
def end_poly(self):
self._creatingPoly = False
def get_poly(self):
"""Return the lastly recorded polygon.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
>>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
"""
## check if there is any poly?
if self._poly is not None:
return tuple(self._poly)
def getscreen(self):
return self.screen
def getturtle(self):
"""Return the Turtleobject itself.
No argument.
Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
Example:
>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
>>> turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
"""
return self
getpen = getturtle
################################################################
### screen oriented methods recurring to methods of TurtleScreen
################################################################
def _delay(self, delay=None):
"""Set delay value which determines speed of turtle animation.
"""
return self.screen.delay(delay)
def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
self.screen._onclick(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
self._update()
def onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
self.screen._onrelease(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
self._update()
def ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
self.screen._ondrag(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
def _undo(self, action, data):
"""Does the main part of the work for undo()
"""
if self.undobuffer is None:
return
if action == "rot":
angle, degPAU = data
self._rotate(-angle*degPAU/self._degreesPerAU)
dummy = self.undobuffer.pop()
elif action == "stamp":
stitem = data
self.clearstamp(stitem)
elif action == "go":
self._undogoto(data)
elif action in ["wri", "dot"]:
item = data
self.screen._delete(item)
self.items.remove(item)
elif action == "dofill":
item = data
self.screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0),(0, 0),(0, 0)),
fill="", outline="")
elif action == "beginfill":
item = data
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
if item in self.items:
self.screen._delete(item)
self.items.remove(item)
elif action == "pen":
TPen.pen(self, data)
self.undobuffer.pop()
def undo(self):
if self.undobuffer is None:
return
item = self.undobuffer.pop()
action = item
data = item
if action == "seq":
while data:
item = data.pop()
self._undo(item, item)
else:
self._undo(action, data)
turtlesize = shapesize
RawPen = RawTurtle
###Screen - Singleton########################
def Screen():
"""Return the singleton screen object.
If none exists at the moment, create a new one and return it,
else return the existing one."""
if Turtle._screen is None:
Turtle._screen = _Screen()
return Turtle._screen
class _Screen(TurtleScreen):
_root = None
_canvas = None
_title = _CFG["title"]
def __init__(self):
if _Screen._root is None:
_Screen._root = self._root = _Root()
self._root.title(_Screen._title)
self._root.ondestroy(self._destroy)
if _Screen._canvas is None:
width = _CFG["width"]
height = _CFG["height"]
canvwidth = _CFG["canvwidth"]
canvheight = _CFG["canvheight"]
leftright = _CFG["leftright"]
topbottom = _CFG["topbottom"]
self._root.setupcanvas(width, height, canvwidth, canvheight)
_Screen._canvas = self._root._getcanvas()
TurtleScreen.__init__(self, _Screen._canvas)
self.setup(width, height, leftright, topbottom)
def setup(self, width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"],
startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"]):
if not hasattr(self._root, "set_geometry"):
return
sw = self._root.win_width()
sh = self._root.win_height()
if isinstance(width, float) and 0 <= width <= 1:
width = sw*width
if startx is None:
startx = (sw - width) / 2
if isinstance(height, float) and 0 <= height <= 1:
height = sh*height
if starty is None:
starty = (sh - height) / 2
self._root.set_geometry(width, height, startx, starty)
self.update()
def title(self, titlestring):
if _Screen._root is not None:
_Screen._root.title(titlestring)
_Screen._title = titlestring
def _destroy(self):
root = self._root
if root is _Screen._root:
Turtle._pen = None
Turtle._screen = None
_Screen._root = None
_Screen._canvas = None
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = False
root.destroy()
def bye(self):
"""Shut the turtlegraphics window.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.bye()
"""
self._destroy()
def exitonclick(self):
def exitGracefully(x, y):
"""Screen.bye() with two dummy-parameters"""
self.bye()
self.onclick(exitGracefully)
if _CFG["using_IDLE"]:
return
try:
mainloop()
except AttributeError:
exit(0)
class Turtle(RawTurtle):
"""RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas.
When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some
Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created.
"""
_pen = None
_screen = None
def __init__(self,
shape=_CFG["shape"],
undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"],
visible=_CFG["visible"]):
if Turtle._screen is None:
Turtle._screen = Screen()
RawTurtle.__init__(self, Turtle._screen,
shape=shape,
undobuffersize=undobuffersize,
visible=visible)
Pen = Turtle
def write_docstringdict(filename="turtle_docstringdict"):
docsdict = {}
for methodname in _tg_screen_functions:
key = "_Screen."+methodname
docsdict = eval(key).__doc__
for methodname in _tg_turtle_functions:
key = "Turtle."+methodname
docsdict = eval(key).__doc__
with open("%s.py" % filename,"w") as f:
keys = sorted(x for x in docsdict
if x.split('.') not in _alias_list)
f.write('docsdict = {\n\n')
for key in keys[:-1]:
f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key))
f.write(' """%s\n""",\n\n' % docsdict)
key = keys[-1]
f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key))
f.write(' """%s\n"""\n\n' % docsdict)
f.write("}\n")
f.close()
def read_docstrings(lang):
"""Read in docstrings from lang-specific docstring dictionary.
Transfer docstrings, translated to lang, from a dictionary-file
to the methods of classes Screen and Turtle and - in revised form -
to the corresponding functions.
"""
modname = "turtle_docstringdict_%(language)s" % {'language':lang.lower()}
module = __import__(modname)
docsdict = module.docsdict
for key in docsdict:
try:
# eval(key).im_func.__doc__ = docsdict
eval(key).__doc__ = docsdict
except Exception:
print("Bad docstring-entry: %s" % key)
_LANGUAGE = _CFG["language"]
try:
if _LANGUAGE != "english":
read_docstrings(_LANGUAGE)
except ImportError:
print("Cannot find docsdict for", _LANGUAGE)
except Exception:
print ("Unknown Error when trying to import %s-docstring-dictionary" %
_LANGUAGE)
def getmethparlist(ob):
defText = callText = ""
# bit of a hack for methods - turn it into a function
# but we drop the "self" param.
# Try and build one for Python defined functions
args, varargs, varkw = inspect.getargs(ob.__code__)
items2 = args
realArgs = args
defaults = ob.__defaults__ or []
defaults = ["=%r" % (value,) for value in defaults]
defaults = [""] * (len(realArgs)-len(defaults)) + defaults
items1 =
if varargs is not None:
items1.append("*" + varargs)
items2.append("*" + varargs)
if varkw is not None:
items1.append("**" + varkw)
items2.append("**" + varkw)
defText = ", ".join(items1)
defText = "(%s)" % defText
callText = ", ".join(items2)
callText = "(%s)" % callText
return defText, callText
def _turtle_docrevise(docstr):
"""To reduce docstrings from RawTurtle class for functions
"""
import re
if docstr is None:
return None
turtlename = _CFG["exampleturtle"]
newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % turtlename,"")
parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % turtlename)
newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr)
return newdocstr
def _screen_docrevise(docstr):
"""To reduce docstrings from TurtleScreen class for functions
"""
import re
if docstr is None:
return None
screenname = _CFG["examplescreen"]
newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % screenname,"")
parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % screenname)
newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr)
return newdocstr
## The following mechanism makes all methods of RawTurtle and Turtle available
## as functions. So we can enhance, change, add, delete methods to these
## classes and do not need to change anything here.
__func_body = """\
def {name}{paramslist}:
if {obj} is None:
if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
raise Terminator
{obj} = {init}
try:
return {obj}.{name}{argslist}
except TK.TclError:
if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
raise Terminator
raise
"""
def _make_global_funcs(functions, cls, obj, init, docrevise):
for methodname in functions:
method = getattr(cls, methodname)
pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(method)
if pl1 == "":
print(">>>>>>", pl1, pl2)
continue
defstr = __func_body.format(obj=obj, init=init, name=methodname,
paramslist=pl1, argslist=pl2)
exec(defstr, globals())
globals().__doc__ = docrevise(method.__doc__)
_make_global_funcs(_tg_screen_functions, _Screen,
'Turtle._screen', 'Screen()', _screen_docrevise)
_make_global_funcs(_tg_turtle_functions, Turtle,
'Turtle._pen', 'Turtle()', _turtle_docrevise)
done = mainloop
if __name__ == "__main__":
def switchpen():
if isdown():
pu()
else:
pd()
def demo1():
"""Demo of old turtle.py - module"""
reset()
tracer(True)
up()
backward(100)
down()
# draw 3 squares; the last filled
width(3)
for i in range(3):
if i == 2:
begin_fill()
for _ in range(4):
forward(20)
left(90)
if i == 2:
color("maroon")
end_fill()
up()
forward(30)
down()
width(1)
color("black")
# move out of the way
tracer(False)
up()
right(90)
forward(100)
right(90)
forward(100)
right(180)
down()
# some text
write("startstart", 1)
write("start", 1)
color("red")
# staircase
for i in range(5):
forward(20)
left(90)
forward(20)
right(90)
# filled staircase
tracer(True)
begin_fill()
for i in range(5):
forward(20)
left(90)
forward(20)
right(90)
end_fill()
# more text
def demo2():
"""Demo of some new features."""
speed(1)
st()
pensize(3)
setheading(towards(0, 0))
radius = distance(0, 0)/2.0
rt(90)
for _ in range(18):
switchpen()
circle(radius, 10)
write("wait a moment...")
while undobufferentries():
undo()
reset()
lt(90)
colormode(255)
laenge = 10
pencolor("green")
pensize(3)
lt(180)
for i in range(-2, 16):
if i > 0:
begin_fill()
fillcolor(255-15*i, 0, 15*i)
for _ in range(3):
fd(laenge)
lt(120)
end_fill()
laenge += 10
lt(15)
speed((speed()+1)%12)
#end_fill()
lt(120)
pu()
fd(70)
rt(30)
pd()
color("red","yellow")
speed(0)
begin_fill()
for _ in range(4):
circle(50, 90)
rt(90)
fd(30)
rt(90)
end_fill()
lt(90)
pu()
fd(30)
pd()
shape("turtle")
tri = getturtle()
tri.resizemode("auto")
turtle = Turtle()
turtle.resizemode("auto")
turtle.shape("turtle")
turtle.reset()
turtle.left(90)
turtle.speed(0)
turtle.up()
turtle.goto(280, 40)
turtle.lt(30)
turtle.down()
turtle.speed(6)
turtle.color("blue","orange")
turtle.pensize(2)
tri.speed(6)
setheading(towards(turtle))
count = 1
while tri.distance(turtle) > 4:
turtle.fd(3.5)
turtle.lt(0.6)
tri.setheading(tri.towards(turtle))
tri.fd(4)
if count % 20 == 0:
turtle.stamp()
tri.stamp()
switchpen()
count += 1
tri.write("CAUGHT! ", font=("Arial", 16, "bold"), align="right")
tri.pencolor("black")
tri.pencolor("red")
def baba(xdummy, ydummy):
clearscreen()
bye()
time.sleep(2)
while undobufferentries():
tri.undo()
turtle.undo()
tri.fd(50)
tri.write("Click me!", font = ("Courier", 12, "bold") )
tri.onclick(baba, 1)
demo1()
demo2()
exitonclick()最后保存应该就没问题了。（网站对帖子字数有限制，因此代码中省略了部分注释和文档，但不影响功能使用）
如果还是不行建议重装Python 安装新版本Python，建议3.8 考不好不改名 发表于 2021-2-19 14:08
你找到你Python安装的目录（默认是C:%users\33260\AppData\Local\Programs\Python）；在目录下打开Lib，看 ...
加了turtle.py，还是不行，出现了新的问题，我准备安装3.8了，就是有点疑惑，后面出现的这个是为啥呢
考不好不改名 发表于 2021-2-19 14:03
建议重装Python
准备重装了
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