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发表于 2021-2-19 14:08:29
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显示全部楼层
你找到你Python安装的目录(默认是C:\Users\33260\AppData\Local\Programs\Python);在目录下打开Lib,看看有没有一个叫turtle.py的文件;如果没有,新建一个同名文件,并打开输入以下代码:- _ver = "turtle 1.1b- - for Python 3.1 - 4. 5. 2009"
- import tkinter as TK
- import types
- import math
- import time
- import inspect
- import sys
- from os.path import isfile, split, join
- from copy import deepcopy
- from tkinter import simpledialog
- _tg_classes = ['ScrolledCanvas', 'TurtleScreen', 'Screen',
- 'RawTurtle', 'Turtle', 'RawPen', 'Pen', 'Shape', 'Vec2D']
- _tg_screen_functions = ['addshape', 'bgcolor', 'bgpic', 'bye',
- 'clearscreen', 'colormode', 'delay', 'exitonclick', 'getcanvas',
- 'getshapes', 'listen', 'mainloop', 'mode', 'numinput',
- 'onkey', 'onkeypress', 'onkeyrelease', 'onscreenclick', 'ontimer',
- 'register_shape', 'resetscreen', 'screensize', 'setup',
- 'setworldcoordinates', 'textinput', 'title', 'tracer', 'turtles', 'update',
- 'window_height', 'window_width']
- _tg_turtle_functions = ['back', 'backward', 'begin_fill', 'begin_poly', 'bk',
- 'circle', 'clear', 'clearstamp', 'clearstamps', 'clone', 'color',
- 'degrees', 'distance', 'dot', 'down', 'end_fill', 'end_poly', 'fd',
- 'fillcolor', 'filling', 'forward', 'get_poly', 'getpen', 'getscreen', 'get_shapepoly',
- 'getturtle', 'goto', 'heading', 'hideturtle', 'home', 'ht', 'isdown',
- 'isvisible', 'left', 'lt', 'onclick', 'ondrag', 'onrelease', 'pd',
- 'pen', 'pencolor', 'pendown', 'pensize', 'penup', 'pos', 'position',
- 'pu', 'radians', 'right', 'reset', 'resizemode', 'rt',
- 'seth', 'setheading', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'settiltangle',
- 'setundobuffer', 'setx', 'sety', 'shape', 'shapesize', 'shapetransform', 'shearfactor', 'showturtle',
- 'speed', 'st', 'stamp', 'tilt', 'tiltangle', 'towards',
- 'turtlesize', 'undo', 'undobufferentries', 'up', 'width',
- 'write', 'xcor', 'ycor']
- _tg_utilities = ['write_docstringdict', 'done']
- __all__ = (_tg_classes + _tg_screen_functions + _tg_turtle_functions +
- _tg_utilities + ['Terminator']) # + _math_functions)
- _alias_list = ['addshape', 'backward', 'bk', 'fd', 'ht', 'lt', 'pd', 'pos',
- 'pu', 'rt', 'seth', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'st',
- 'turtlesize', 'up', 'width']
- _CFG = {"width" : 0.5, # Screen
- "height" : 0.75,
- "canvwidth" : 400,
- "canvheight": 300,
- "leftright": None,
- "topbottom": None,
- "mode": "standard", # TurtleScreen
- "colormode": 1.0,
- "delay": 10,
- "undobuffersize": 1000, # RawTurtle
- "shape": "classic",
- "pencolor" : "black",
- "fillcolor" : "black",
- "resizemode" : "noresize",
- "visible" : True,
- "language": "english", # docstrings
- "exampleturtle": "turtle",
- "examplescreen": "screen",
- "title": "Python Turtle Graphics",
- "using_IDLE": False
- }
- def config_dict(filename):
- with open(filename, "r") as f:
- cfglines = f.readlines()
- cfgdict = {}
- for line in cfglines:
- line = line.strip()
- if not line or line.startswith("#"):
- continue
- try:
- key, value = line.split("=")
- except ValueError:
- print("Bad line in config-file %s:\n%s" % (filename,line))
- continue
- key = key.strip()
- value = value.strip()
- if value in ["True", "False", "None", "''", '""']:
- value = eval(value)
- else:
- try:
- if "." in value:
- value = float(value)
- else:
- value = int(value)
- except ValueError:
- pass # value need not be converted
- cfgdict[key] = value
- return cfgdict
- def readconfig(cfgdict):
- default_cfg = "turtle.cfg"
- cfgdict1 = {}
- cfgdict2 = {}
- if isfile(default_cfg):
- cfgdict1 = config_dict(default_cfg)
- if "importconfig" in cfgdict1:
- default_cfg = "turtle_%s.cfg" % cfgdict1["importconfig"]
- try:
- head, tail = split(__file__)
- cfg_file2 = join(head, default_cfg)
- except Exception:
- cfg_file2 = ""
- if isfile(cfg_file2):
- cfgdict2 = config_dict(cfg_file2)
- _CFG.update(cfgdict2)
- _CFG.update(cfgdict1)
- try:
- readconfig(_CFG)
- except Exception:
- print ("No configfile read, reason unknown")
- class Vec2D(tuple):
- def __new__(cls, x, y):
- return tuple.__new__(cls, (x, y))
- def __add__(self, other):
- return Vec2D(self[0]+other[0], self[1]+other[1])
- def __mul__(self, other):
- if isinstance(other, Vec2D):
- return self[0]*other[0]+self[1]*other[1]
- return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other)
- def __rmul__(self, other):
- if isinstance(other, int) or isinstance(other, float):
- return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other)
- return NotImplemented
- def __sub__(self, other):
- return Vec2D(self[0]-other[0], self[1]-other[1])
- def __neg__(self):
- return Vec2D(-self[0], -self[1])
- def __abs__(self):
- return (self[0]**2 + self[1]**2)**0.5
- def rotate(self, angle):
- """rotate self counterclockwise by angle
- """
- perp = Vec2D(-self[1], self[0])
- angle = angle * math.pi / 180.0
- c, s = math.cos(angle), math.sin(angle)
- return Vec2D(self[0]*c+perp[0]*s, self[1]*c+perp[1]*s)
- def __getnewargs__(self):
- return (self[0], self[1])
- def __repr__(self):
- return "(%.2f,%.2f)" % self
- def __methodDict(cls, _dict):
- """helper function for Scrolled Canvas"""
- baseList = list(cls.__bases__)
- baseList.reverse()
- for _super in baseList:
- __methodDict(_super, _dict)
- for key, value in cls.__dict__.items():
- if type(value) == types.FunctionType:
- _dict[key] = value
- def __methods(cls):
- """helper function for Scrolled Canvas"""
- _dict = {}
- __methodDict(cls, _dict)
- return _dict.keys()
- __stringBody = (
- 'def %(method)s(self, *args, **kw): return ' +
- 'self.%(attribute)s.%(method)s(*args, **kw)')
- def __forwardmethods(fromClass, toClass, toPart, exclude = ()):
- ### MANY CHANGES ###
- _dict_1 = {}
- __methodDict(toClass, _dict_1)
- _dict = {}
- mfc = __methods(fromClass)
- for ex in _dict_1.keys():
- if ex[:1] == '_' or ex[-1:] == '_' or ex in exclude or ex in mfc:
- pass
- else:
- _dict[ex] = _dict_1[ex]
- for method, func in _dict.items():
- d = {'method': method, 'func': func}
- if isinstance(toPart, str):
- execString = \
- __stringBody % {'method' : method, 'attribute' : toPart}
- exec(execString, d)
- setattr(fromClass, method, d[method]) ### NEWU!
- class ScrolledCanvas(TK.Frame):
- """Modeled after the scrolled canvas class from Grayons's Tkinter book.
- Used as the default canvas, which pops up automatically when
- using turtle graphics functions or the Turtle class.
- """
- def __init__(self, master, width=500, height=350,
- canvwidth=600, canvheight=500):
- TK.Frame.__init__(self, master, width=width, height=height)
- self._rootwindow = self.winfo_toplevel()
- self.width, self.height = width, height
- self.canvwidth, self.canvheight = canvwidth, canvheight
- self.bg = "white"
- self._canvas = TK.Canvas(master, width=width, height=height,
- bg=self.bg, relief=TK.SUNKEN, borderwidth=2)
- self.hscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.xview,
- orient=TK.HORIZONTAL)
- self.vscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.yview)
- self._canvas.configure(xscrollcommand=self.hscroll.set,
- yscrollcommand=self.vscroll.set)
- self.rowconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0)
- self.columnconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0)
- self._canvas.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
- column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
- self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
- column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
- self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1,
- column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
- self.reset()
- self._rootwindow.bind('<Configure>', self.onResize)
- def reset(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg = None):
- """Adjust canvas and scrollbars according to given canvas size."""
- if canvwidth:
- self.canvwidth = canvwidth
- if canvheight:
- self.canvheight = canvheight
- if bg:
- self.bg = bg
- self._canvas.config(bg=bg,
- scrollregion=(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2,
- self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2))
- self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth - self.width + 30) /
- self.canvwidth)
- self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight- self.height + 30) /
- self.canvheight)
- self.adjustScrolls()
- def adjustScrolls(self):
- """ Adjust scrollbars according to window- and canvas-size.
- """
- cwidth = self._canvas.winfo_width()
- cheight = self._canvas.winfo_height()
- self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth-cwidth)/self.canvwidth)
- self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight-cheight)/self.canvheight)
- if cwidth < self.canvwidth or cheight < self.canvheight:
- self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1,
- column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
- self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
- column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
- else:
- self.hscroll.grid_forget()
- self.vscroll.grid_forget()
- def onResize(self, event):
- """self-explanatory"""
- self.adjustScrolls()
- def bbox(self, *args):
- """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- """
- return self._canvas.bbox(*args)
- def cget(self, *args, **kwargs):
- """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- """
- return self._canvas.cget(*args, **kwargs)
- def config(self, *args, **kwargs):
- """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- """
- self._canvas.config(*args, **kwargs)
- def bind(self, *args, **kwargs):
- """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- """
- self._canvas.bind(*args, **kwargs)
- def unbind(self, *args, **kwargs):
- """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- """
- self._canvas.unbind(*args, **kwargs)
- def focus_force(self):
- """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- """
- self._canvas.focus_force()
- __forwardmethods(ScrolledCanvas, TK.Canvas, '_canvas')
- class _Root(TK.Tk):
- """Root class for Screen based on Tkinter."""
- def __init__(self):
- TK.Tk.__init__(self)
- def setupcanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight):
- self._canvas = ScrolledCanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight)
- self._canvas.pack(expand=1, fill="both")
- def _getcanvas(self):
- return self._canvas
- def set_geometry(self, width, height, startx, starty):
- self.geometry("%dx%d%+d%+d"%(width, height, startx, starty))
- def ondestroy(self, destroy):
- self.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", destroy)
- def win_width(self):
- return self.winfo_screenwidth()
- def win_height(self):
- return self.winfo_screenheight()
- Canvas = TK.Canvas
- class TurtleScreenBase(object):
- @staticmethod
- def _blankimage():
- """return a blank image object
- """
- img = TK.PhotoImage(width=1, height=1)
- img.blank()
- return img
- @staticmethod
- def _image(filename):
- """return an image object containing the
- imagedata from a gif-file named filename.
- """
- return TK.PhotoImage(file=filename)
- def __init__(self, cv):
- self.cv = cv
- if isinstance(cv, ScrolledCanvas):
- w = self.cv.canvwidth
- h = self.cv.canvheight
- else: # expected: ordinary TK.Canvas
- w = int(self.cv.cget("width"))
- h = int(self.cv.cget("height"))
- self.cv.config(scrollregion = (-w//2, -h//2, w//2, h//2 ))
- self.canvwidth = w
- self.canvheight = h
- self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0
- def _createpoly(self):
- """Create an invisible polygon item on canvas self.cv)
- """
- return self.cv.create_polygon((0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), fill="", outline="")
- def _drawpoly(self, polyitem, coordlist, fill=None,
- outline=None, width=None, top=False):
- cl = []
- for x, y in coordlist:
- cl.append(x * self.xscale)
- cl.append(-y * self.yscale)
- self.cv.coords(polyitem, *cl)
- if fill is not None:
- self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, fill=fill)
- if outline is not None:
- self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, outline=outline)
- if width is not None:
- self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, width=width)
- if top:
- self.cv.tag_raise(polyitem)
- def _createline(self):
- """Create an invisible line item on canvas self.cv)
- """
- return self.cv.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0, fill="", width=2,
- capstyle = TK.ROUND)
- def _drawline(self, lineitem, coordlist=None,
- fill=None, width=None, top=False):
- if coordlist is not None:
- cl = []
- for x, y in coordlist:
- cl.append(x * self.xscale)
- cl.append(-y * self.yscale)
- self.cv.coords(lineitem, *cl)
- if fill is not None:
- self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, fill=fill)
- if width is not None:
- self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, width=width)
- if top:
- self.cv.tag_raise(lineitem)
- def _delete(self, item):
- self.cv.delete(item)
- def _update(self):
- """Redraw graphics items on canvas
- """
- self.cv.update()
- def _delay(self, delay):
- """Delay subsequent canvas actions for delay ms."""
- self.cv.after(delay)
- def _iscolorstring(self, color):
- """Check if the string color is a legal Tkinter color string.
- """
- try:
- rgb = self.cv.winfo_rgb(color)
- ok = True
- except TK.TclError:
- ok = False
- return ok
- def _bgcolor(self, color=None):
- if color is not None:
- self.cv.config(bg = color)
- self._update()
- else:
- return self.cv.cget("bg")
- def _write(self, pos, txt, align, font, pencolor):
- x, y = pos
- x = x * self.xscale
- y = y * self.yscale
- anchor = {"left":"sw", "center":"s", "right":"se" }
- item = self.cv.create_text(x-1, -y, text = txt, anchor = anchor[align],
- fill = pencolor, font = font)
- x0, y0, x1, y1 = self.cv.bbox(item)
- self.cv.update()
- return item, x1-1
- ## def _dot(self, pos, size, color):
- ## """may be implemented for some other graphics toolkit"""
- def _onclick(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
- """Bind fun to mouse-click event on turtle.
- fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates
- of the clicked point on the canvas.
- num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
- """
- if fun is None:
- self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button-%s>" % num)
- else:
- def eventfun(event):
- x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
- -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
- fun(x, y)
- self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button-%s>" % num, eventfun, add)
- def _onrelease(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
- if fun is None:
- self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button%s-ButtonRelease>" % num)
- else:
- def eventfun(event):
- x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
- -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
- fun(x, y)
- self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button%s-ButtonRelease>" % num,
- eventfun, add)
- def _ondrag(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
- """Bind fun to mouse-move-event (with pressed mouse button) on turtle.
- fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the
- actual mouse position on the canvas.
- num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
- Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
- mouse-click event on that turtle.
- """
- if fun is None:
- self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button%s-Motion>" % num)
- else:
- def eventfun(event):
- try:
- x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
- -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
- fun(x, y)
- except Exception:
- pass
- self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button%s-Motion>" % num, eventfun, add)
- def _onscreenclick(self, fun, num=1, add=None):
- if fun is None:
- self.cv.unbind("<Button-%s>" % num)
- else:
- def eventfun(event):
- x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
- -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
- fun(x, y)
- self.cv.bind("<Button-%s>" % num, eventfun, add)
- def _onkeyrelease(self, fun, key):
- """Bind fun to key-release event of key.
- Canvas must have focus. See method listen
- """
- if fun is None:
- self.cv.unbind("<KeyRelease-%s>" % key, None)
- else:
- def eventfun(event):
- fun()
- self.cv.bind("<KeyRelease-%s>" % key, eventfun)
- def _onkeypress(self, fun, key=None):
- """If key is given, bind fun to key-press event of key.
- Otherwise bind fun to any key-press.
- Canvas must have focus. See method listen.
- """
- if fun is None:
- if key is None:
- self.cv.unbind("<KeyPress>", None)
- else:
- self.cv.unbind("<KeyPress-%s>" % key, None)
- else:
- def eventfun(event):
- fun()
- if key is None:
- self.cv.bind("<KeyPress>", eventfun)
- else:
- self.cv.bind("<KeyPress-%s>" % key, eventfun)
- def _listen(self):
- """Set focus on canvas (in order to collect key-events)
- """
- self.cv.focus_force()
- def _ontimer(self, fun, t):
- """Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds.
- """
- if t == 0:
- self.cv.after_idle(fun)
- else:
- self.cv.after(t, fun)
- def _createimage(self, image):
- """Create and return image item on canvas.
- """
- return self.cv.create_image(0, 0, image=image)
- def _drawimage(self, item, pos, image):
- """Configure image item as to draw image object
- at position (x,y) on canvas)
- """
- x, y = pos
- self.cv.coords(item, (x * self.xscale, -y * self.yscale))
- self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image)
- def _setbgpic(self, item, image):
- """Configure image item as to draw image object
- at center of canvas. Set item to the first item
- in the displaylist, so it will be drawn below
- any other item ."""
- self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image)
- self.cv.tag_lower(item)
- def _type(self, item):
- """Return 'line' or 'polygon' or 'image' depending on
- type of item.
- """
- return self.cv.type(item)
- def _pointlist(self, item):
- """returns list of coordinate-pairs of points of item
- Example (for insiders):
- >>> from turtle import *
- >>> getscreen()._pointlist(getturtle().turtle._item)
- [(0.0, 9.9999999999999982), (0.0, -9.9999999999999982),
- (9.9999999999999982, 0.0)]
- >>> """
- cl = self.cv.coords(item)
- pl = [(cl[i], -cl[i+1]) for i in range(0, len(cl), 2)]
- return pl
- def _setscrollregion(self, srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2):
- self.cv.config(scrollregion=(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2))
- def _rescale(self, xscalefactor, yscalefactor):
- items = self.cv.find_all()
- for item in items:
- coordinates = list(self.cv.coords(item))
- newcoordlist = []
- while coordinates:
- x, y = coordinates[:2]
- newcoordlist.append(x * xscalefactor)
- newcoordlist.append(y * yscalefactor)
- coordinates = coordinates[2:]
- self.cv.coords(item, *newcoordlist)
- def _resize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None):
- """Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Does
- not alter the drawing window.
- """
- # needs amendment
- if not isinstance(self.cv, ScrolledCanvas):
- return self.canvwidth, self.canvheight
- if canvwidth is canvheight is bg is None:
- return self.cv.canvwidth, self.cv.canvheight
- if canvwidth is not None:
- self.canvwidth = canvwidth
- if canvheight is not None:
- self.canvheight = canvheight
- self.cv.reset(canvwidth, canvheight, bg)
- def _window_size(self):
- """ Return the width and height of the turtle window.
- """
- width = self.cv.winfo_width()
- if width <= 1:
- width = self.cv['width']
- height = self.cv.winfo_height()
- if height <= 1:
- height = self.cv['height']
- return width, height
- def mainloop(self):
- TK.mainloop()
- def textinput(self, title, prompt):
- return simpledialog.askstring(title, prompt)
- def numinput(self, title, prompt, default=None, minval=None, maxval=None):
- return simpledialog.askfloat(title, prompt, initialvalue=default,
- minvalue=minval, maxvalue=maxval)
- class Terminator (Exception):
- pass
- class TurtleGraphicsError(Exception):
- """Some TurtleGraphics Error
- """
- class Shape(object):
- def __init__(self, type_, data=None):
- self._type = type_
- if type_ == "polygon":
- if isinstance(data, list):
- data = tuple(data)
- elif type_ == "image":
- if isinstance(data, str):
- if data.lower().endswith(".gif") and isfile(data):
- data = TurtleScreen._image(data)
- # else data assumed to be Photoimage
- elif type_ == "compound":
- data = []
- else:
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape type %s" % type_)
- self._data = data
- def addcomponent(self, poly, fill, outline=None):
- if self._type != "compound":
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("Cannot add component to %s Shape"
- % self._type)
- if outline is None:
- outline = fill
- self._data.append([poly, fill, outline])
- class Tbuffer(object):
- """Ring buffer used as undobuffer for RawTurtle objects."""
- def __init__(self, bufsize=10):
- self.bufsize = bufsize
- self.buffer = [[None]] * bufsize
- self.ptr = -1
- self.cumulate = False
- def reset(self, bufsize=None):
- if bufsize is None:
- for i in range(self.bufsize):
- self.buffer[i] = [None]
- else:
- self.bufsize = bufsize
- self.buffer = [[None]] * bufsize
- self.ptr = -1
- def push(self, item):
- if self.bufsize > 0:
- if not self.cumulate:
- self.ptr = (self.ptr + 1) % self.bufsize
- self.buffer[self.ptr] = item
- else:
- self.buffer[self.ptr].append(item)
- def pop(self):
- if self.bufsize > 0:
- item = self.buffer[self.ptr]
- if item is None:
- return None
- else:
- self.buffer[self.ptr] = [None]
- self.ptr = (self.ptr - 1) % self.bufsize
- return (item)
- def nr_of_items(self):
- return self.bufsize - self.buffer.count([None])
- def __repr__(self):
- return str(self.buffer) + " " + str(self.ptr)
- class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase):
- _RUNNING = True
- def __init__(self, cv, mode=_CFG["mode"],
- colormode=_CFG["colormode"], delay=_CFG["delay"]):
- self._shapes = {
- "arrow" : Shape("polygon", ((-10,0), (10,0), (0,10))),
- "turtle" : Shape("polygon", ((0,16), (-2,14), (-1,10), (-4,7),
- (-7,9), (-9,8), (-6,5), (-7,1), (-5,-3), (-8,-6),
- (-6,-8), (-4,-5), (0,-7), (4,-5), (6,-8), (8,-6),
- (5,-3), (7,1), (6,5), (9,8), (7,9), (4,7), (1,10),
- (2,14))),
- "circle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,0), (9.51,3.09), (8.09,5.88),
- (5.88,8.09), (3.09,9.51), (0,10), (-3.09,9.51),
- (-5.88,8.09), (-8.09,5.88), (-9.51,3.09), (-10,0),
- (-9.51,-3.09), (-8.09,-5.88), (-5.88,-8.09),
- (-3.09,-9.51), (-0.00,-10.00), (3.09,-9.51),
- (5.88,-8.09), (8.09,-5.88), (9.51,-3.09))),
- "square" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-10), (10,10), (-10,10),
- (-10,-10))),
- "triangle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-5.77), (0,11.55),
- (-10,-5.77))),
- "classic": Shape("polygon", ((0,0),(-5,-9),(0,-7),(5,-9))),
- "blank" : Shape("image", self._blankimage())
- }
- self._bgpics = {"nopic" : ""}
- TurtleScreenBase.__init__(self, cv)
- self._mode = mode
- self._delayvalue = delay
- self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"]
- self._keys = []
- self.clear()
- if sys.platform == 'darwin':
- rootwindow = cv.winfo_toplevel()
- rootwindow.call('wm', 'attributes', '.', '-topmost', '1')
- rootwindow.call('wm', 'attributes', '.', '-topmost', '0')
- def clear(self):
- self._delayvalue = _CFG["delay"]
- self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"]
- self._delete("all")
- self._bgpic = self._createimage("")
- self._bgpicname = "nopic"
- self._tracing = 1
- self._updatecounter = 0
- self._turtles = []
- self.bgcolor("white")
- for btn in 1, 2, 3:
- self.onclick(None, btn)
- self.onkeypress(None)
- for key in self._keys[:]:
- self.onkey(None, key)
- self.onkeypress(None, key)
- Turtle._pen = None
- def mode(self, mode=None):
- if mode is None:
- return self._mode
- mode = mode.lower()
- if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]:
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("No turtle-graphics-mode %s" % mode)
- self._mode = mode
- if mode in ["standard", "logo"]:
- self._setscrollregion(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2,
- self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2)
- self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0
- self.reset()
- def setworldcoordinates(self, llx, lly, urx, ury):
- if self.mode() != "world":
- self.mode("world")
- xspan = float(urx - llx)
- yspan = float(ury - lly)
- wx, wy = self._window_size()
- self.screensize(wx-20, wy-20)
- oldxscale, oldyscale = self.xscale, self.yscale
- self.xscale = self.canvwidth / xspan
- self.yscale = self.canvheight / yspan
- srx1 = llx * self.xscale
- sry1 = -ury * self.yscale
- srx2 = self.canvwidth + srx1
- sry2 = self.canvheight + sry1
- self._setscrollregion(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2)
- self._rescale(self.xscale/oldxscale, self.yscale/oldyscale)
- self.update()
- def register_shape(self, name, shape=None):
- if shape is None:
- # image
- if name.lower().endswith(".gif"):
- shape = Shape("image", self._image(name))
- else:
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad arguments for register_shape.\n"
- + "Use help(register_shape)" )
- elif isinstance(shape, tuple):
- shape = Shape("polygon", shape)
- ## else shape assumed to be Shape-instance
- self._shapes[name] = shape
- def _colorstr(self, color):
- if len(color) == 1:
- color = color[0]
- if isinstance(color, str):
- if self._iscolorstring(color) or color == "":
- return color
- else:
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color string: %s" % str(color))
- try:
- r, g, b = color
- except (TypeError, ValueError):
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(color))
- if self._colormode == 1.0:
- r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)]
- if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)):
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(color))
- return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b)
- def _color(self, cstr):
- if not cstr.startswith("#"):
- return cstr
- if len(cstr) == 7:
- cl = [int(cstr[i:i+2], 16) for i in (1, 3, 5)]
- elif len(cstr) == 4:
- cl = [16*int(cstr[h], 16) for h in cstr[1:]]
- else:
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad colorstring: %s" % cstr)
- return tuple(c * self._colormode/255 for c in cl)
- def colormode(self, cmode=None):
- if cmode is None:
- return self._colormode
- if cmode == 1.0:
- self._colormode = float(cmode)
- elif cmode == 255:
- self._colormode = int(cmode)
- def reset(self):
- for turtle in self._turtles:
- turtle._setmode(self._mode)
- turtle.reset()
- def turtles(self):
- return self._turtles
- def bgcolor(self, *args):
- if args:
- color = self._colorstr(args)
- else:
- color = None
- color = self._bgcolor(color)
- if color is not None:
- color = self._color(color)
- return color
- def tracer(self, n=None, delay=None):
- if n is None:
- return self._tracing
- self._tracing = int(n)
- self._updatecounter = 0
- if delay is not None:
- self._delayvalue = int(delay)
- if self._tracing:
- self.update()
- def delay(self, delay=None):
- if delay is None:
- return self._delayvalue
- self._delayvalue = int(delay)
- def _incrementudc(self):
- """Increment update counter."""
- if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
- TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
- raise Terminator
- if self._tracing > 0:
- self._updatecounter += 1
- self._updatecounter %= self._tracing
- def update(self):
- """Perform a TurtleScreen update.
- """
- tracing = self._tracing
- self._tracing = True
- for t in self.turtles():
- t._update_data()
- t._drawturtle()
- self._tracing = tracing
- self._update()
- def window_width(self):
- return self._window_size()[0]
- def window_height(self):
- return self._window_size()[1]
- def getcanvas(self):
- return self.cv
- def getshapes(self):
- return sorted(self._shapes.keys())
- def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
- self._onscreenclick(fun, btn, add)
- def onkey(self, fun, key):
- if fun is None:
- if key in self._keys:
- self._keys.remove(key)
- elif key not in self._keys:
- self._keys.append(key)
- self._onkeyrelease(fun, key)
- def onkeypress(self, fun, key=None):
- if fun is None:
- if key in self._keys:
- self._keys.remove(key)
- elif key is not None and key not in self._keys:
- self._keys.append(key)
- self._onkeypress(fun, key)
- def listen(self, xdummy=None, ydummy=None):
- self._listen()
- def ontimer(self, fun, t=0):
- self._ontimer(fun, t)
- def bgpic(self, picname=None):
- if picname is None:
- return self._bgpicname
- if picname not in self._bgpics:
- self._bgpics[picname] = self._image(picname)
- self._setbgpic(self._bgpic, self._bgpics[picname])
- self._bgpicname = picname
- def screensize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None):
- return self._resize(canvwidth, canvheight, bg)
- onscreenclick = onclick
- resetscreen = reset
- clearscreen = clear
- addshape = register_shape
- onkeyrelease = onkey
- class TNavigator(object):
- """Navigation part of the RawTurtle.
- Implements methods for turtle movement.
- """
- START_ORIENTATION = {
- "standard": Vec2D(1.0, 0.0),
- "world" : Vec2D(1.0, 0.0),
- "logo" : Vec2D(0.0, 1.0) }
- DEFAULT_MODE = "standard"
- DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0
- DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1
- def __init__(self, mode=DEFAULT_MODE):
- self._angleOffset = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET
- self._angleOrient = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT
- self._mode = mode
- self.undobuffer = None
- self.degrees()
- self._mode = None
- self._setmode(mode)
- TNavigator.reset(self)
- def reset(self):
- self._position = Vec2D(0.0, 0.0)
- self._orient = TNavigator.START_ORIENTATION[self._mode]
- def _setmode(self, mode=None):
- """Set turtle-mode to 'standard', 'world' or 'logo'.
- """
- if mode is None:
- return self._mode
- if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]:
- return
- self._mode = mode
- if mode in ["standard", "world"]:
- self._angleOffset = 0
- self._angleOrient = 1
- else: # mode == "logo":
- self._angleOffset = self._fullcircle/4.
- self._angleOrient = -1
- def _setDegreesPerAU(self, fullcircle):
- """Helper function for degrees() and radians()"""
- self._fullcircle = fullcircle
- self._degreesPerAU = 360/fullcircle
- if self._mode == "standard":
- self._angleOffset = 0
- else:
- self._angleOffset = fullcircle/4.
- def degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0):
- self._setDegreesPerAU(fullcircle)
- def radians(self):
- self._setDegreesPerAU(2*math.pi)
- def _go(self, distance):
- """move turtle forward by specified distance"""
- ende = self._position + self._orient * distance
- self._goto(ende)
- def _rotate(self, angle):
- """Turn turtle counterclockwise by specified angle if angle > 0."""
- angle *= self._degreesPerAU
- self._orient = self._orient.rotate(angle)
- def _goto(self, end):
- """move turtle to position end."""
- self._position = end
- def forward(self, distance):
- self._go(distance)
- def back(self, distance):
- self._go(-distance)
- def right(self, angle):
- self._rotate(-angle)
- def left(self, angle):
- self._rotate(angle)
- def pos(self):
- return self._position
- def xcor(self):
- return self._position[0]
- def ycor(self):
- return self._position[1]
- def goto(self, x, y=None):
- if y is None:
- self._goto(Vec2D(*x))
- else:
- self._goto(Vec2D(x, y))
- def home(self):
- self.goto(0, 0)
- self.setheading(0)
- def setx(self, x):
- self._goto(Vec2D(x, self._position[1]))
- def sety(self, y):
- self._goto(Vec2D(self._position[0], y))
- def distance(self, x, y=None):
- if y is not None:
- pos = Vec2D(x, y)
- if isinstance(x, Vec2D):
- pos = x
- elif isinstance(x, tuple):
- pos = Vec2D(*x)
- elif isinstance(x, TNavigator):
- pos = x._position
- return abs(pos - self._position)
- def towards(self, x, y=None):
- if y is not None:
- pos = Vec2D(x, y)
- if isinstance(x, Vec2D):
- pos = x
- elif isinstance(x, tuple):
- pos = Vec2D(*x)
- elif isinstance(x, TNavigator):
- pos = x._position
- x, y = pos - self._position
- result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0
- result /= self._degreesPerAU
- return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle
- def heading(self):
- x, y = self._orient
- result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0
- result /= self._degreesPerAU
- return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle
- def setheading(self, to_angle):
- angle = (to_angle - self.heading())*self._angleOrient
- full = self._fullcircle
- angle = (angle+full/2.)%full - full/2.
- self._rotate(angle)
- def circle(self, radius, extent = None, steps = None):
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
- self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
- speed = self.speed()
- if extent is None:
- extent = self._fullcircle
- if steps is None:
- frac = abs(extent)/self._fullcircle
- steps = 1+int(min(11+abs(radius)/6.0, 59.0)*frac)
- w = 1.0 * extent / steps
- w2 = 0.5 * w
- l = 2.0 * radius * math.sin(w2*math.pi/180.0*self._degreesPerAU)
- if radius < 0:
- l, w, w2 = -l, -w, -w2
- tr = self._tracer()
- dl = self._delay()
- if speed == 0:
- self._tracer(0, 0)
- else:
- self.speed(0)
- self._rotate(w2)
- for i in range(steps):
- self.speed(speed)
- self._go(l)
- self.speed(0)
- self._rotate(w)
- self._rotate(-w2)
- if speed == 0:
- self._tracer(tr, dl)
- self.speed(speed)
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
- ## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class:
- def speed(self, s=0):
- """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
- def _tracer(self, a=None, b=None):
- """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
- def _delay(self, n=None):
- """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
- fd = forward
- bk = back
- backward = back
- rt = right
- lt = left
- position = pos
- setpos = goto
- setposition = goto
- seth = setheading
- class TPen(object):
- def __init__(self, resizemode=_CFG["resizemode"]):
- self._resizemode = resizemode # or "user" or "noresize"
- self.undobuffer = None
- TPen._reset(self)
- def _reset(self, pencolor=_CFG["pencolor"],
- fillcolor=_CFG["fillcolor"]):
- self._pensize = 1
- self._shown = True
- self._pencolor = pencolor
- self._fillcolor = fillcolor
- self._drawing = True
- self._speed = 3
- self._stretchfactor = (1., 1.)
- self._shearfactor = 0.
- self._tilt = 0.
- self._shapetrafo = (1., 0., 0., 1.)
- self._outlinewidth = 1
- def resizemode(self, rmode=None):
- if rmode is None:
- return self._resizemode
- rmode = rmode.lower()
- if rmode in ["auto", "user", "noresize"]:
- self.pen(resizemode=rmode)
- def pensize(self, width=None):
- if width is None:
- return self._pensize
- self.pen(pensize=width)
- def penup(self):
- if not self._drawing:
- return
- self.pen(pendown=False)
- def pendown(self):
- if self._drawing:
- return
- self.pen(pendown=True)
- def isdown(self):
- return self._drawing
- def speed(self, speed=None):
- speeds = {'fastest':0, 'fast':10, 'normal':6, 'slow':3, 'slowest':1 }
- if speed is None:
- return self._speed
- if speed in speeds:
- speed = speeds[speed]
- elif 0.5 < speed < 10.5:
- speed = int(round(speed))
- else:
- speed = 0
- self.pen(speed=speed)
- def color(self, *args):
- if args:
- l = len(args)
- if l == 1:
- pcolor = fcolor = args[0]
- elif l == 2:
- pcolor, fcolor = args
- elif l == 3:
- pcolor = fcolor = args
- pcolor = self._colorstr(pcolor)
- fcolor = self._colorstr(fcolor)
- self.pen(pencolor=pcolor, fillcolor=fcolor)
- else:
- return self._color(self._pencolor), self._color(self._fillcolor)
- def pencolor(self, *args):
- if args:
- color = self._colorstr(args)
- if color == self._pencolor:
- return
- self.pen(pencolor=color)
- else:
- return self._color(self._pencolor)
- def fillcolor(self, *args):
- if args:
- color = self._colorstr(args)
- if color == self._fillcolor:
- return
- self.pen(fillcolor=color)
- else:
- return self._color(self._fillcolor)
- def showturtle(self):
- self.pen(shown=True)
- def hideturtle(self):
- self.pen(shown=False)
- def isvisible(self):
- return self._shown
- def pen(self, pen=None, **pendict):
- _pd = {"shown" : self._shown,
- "pendown" : self._drawing,
- "pencolor" : self._pencolor,
- "fillcolor" : self._fillcolor,
- "pensize" : self._pensize,
- "speed" : self._speed,
- "resizemode" : self._resizemode,
- "stretchfactor" : self._stretchfactor,
- "shearfactor" : self._shearfactor,
- "outline" : self._outlinewidth,
- "tilt" : self._tilt
- }
- if not (pen or pendict):
- return _pd
- if isinstance(pen, dict):
- p = pen
- else:
- p = {}
- p.update(pendict)
- _p_buf = {}
- for key in p:
- _p_buf[key] = _pd[key]
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.push(("pen", _p_buf))
- newLine = False
- if "pendown" in p:
- if self._drawing != p["pendown"]:
- newLine = True
- if "pencolor" in p:
- if isinstance(p["pencolor"], tuple):
- p["pencolor"] = self._colorstr((p["pencolor"],))
- if self._pencolor != p["pencolor"]:
- newLine = True
- if "pensize" in p:
- if self._pensize != p["pensize"]:
- newLine = True
- if newLine:
- self._newLine()
- if "pendown" in p:
- self._drawing = p["pendown"]
- if "pencolor" in p:
- self._pencolor = p["pencolor"]
- if "pensize" in p:
- self._pensize = p["pensize"]
- if "fillcolor" in p:
- if isinstance(p["fillcolor"], tuple):
- p["fillcolor"] = self._colorstr((p["fillcolor"],))
- self._fillcolor = p["fillcolor"]
- if "speed" in p:
- self._speed = p["speed"]
- if "resizemode" in p:
- self._resizemode = p["resizemode"]
- if "stretchfactor" in p:
- sf = p["stretchfactor"]
- if isinstance(sf, (int, float)):
- sf = (sf, sf)
- self._stretchfactor = sf
- if "shearfactor" in p:
- self._shearfactor = p["shearfactor"]
- if "outline" in p:
- self._outlinewidth = p["outline"]
- if "shown" in p:
- self._shown = p["shown"]
- if "tilt" in p:
- self._tilt = p["tilt"]
- if "stretchfactor" in p or "tilt" in p or "shearfactor" in p:
- scx, scy = self._stretchfactor
- shf = self._shearfactor
- sa, ca = math.sin(self._tilt), math.cos(self._tilt)
- self._shapetrafo = ( scx*ca, scy*(shf*ca + sa),
- -scx*sa, scy*(ca - shf*sa))
- self._update()
- ## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class:
- def _newLine(self, usePos = True):
- """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
- def _update(self, count=True, forced=False):
- """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
- def _color(self, args):
- """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
- def _colorstr(self, args):
- """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
- width = pensize
- up = penup
- pu = penup
- pd = pendown
- down = pendown
- st = showturtle
- ht = hideturtle
- class _TurtleImage(object):
- """Helper class: Datatype to store Turtle attributes
- """
- def __init__(self, screen, shapeIndex):
- self.screen = screen
- self._type = None
- self._setshape(shapeIndex)
- def _setshape(self, shapeIndex):
- screen = self.screen
- self.shapeIndex = shapeIndex
- if self._type == "polygon" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type:
- return
- if self._type == "image" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type:
- return
- if self._type in ["image", "polygon"]:
- screen._delete(self._item)
- elif self._type == "compound":
- for item in self._item:
- screen._delete(item)
- self._type = screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type
- if self._type == "polygon":
- self._item = screen._createpoly()
- elif self._type == "image":
- self._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
- elif self._type == "compound":
- self._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in
- screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._data]
- class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator):
- """Animation part of the RawTurtle.
- Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for
- its animation.
- """
- screens = []
- def __init__(self, canvas=None,
- shape=_CFG["shape"],
- undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"],
- visible=_CFG["visible"]):
- if isinstance(canvas, _Screen):
- self.screen = canvas
- elif isinstance(canvas, TurtleScreen):
- if canvas not in RawTurtle.screens:
- RawTurtle.screens.append(canvas)
- self.screen = canvas
- elif isinstance(canvas, (ScrolledCanvas, Canvas)):
- for screen in RawTurtle.screens:
- if screen.cv == canvas:
- self.screen = screen
- break
- else:
- self.screen = TurtleScreen(canvas)
- RawTurtle.screens.append(self.screen)
- else:
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad canvas argument %s" % canvas)
- screen = self.screen
- TNavigator.__init__(self, screen.mode())
- TPen.__init__(self)
- screen._turtles.append(self)
- self.drawingLineItem = screen._createline()
- self.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, shape)
- self._poly = None
- self._creatingPoly = False
- self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
- self._shown = visible
- self._hidden_from_screen = False
- self.currentLineItem = screen._createline()
- self.currentLine = [self._position]
- self.items = [self.currentLineItem]
- self.stampItems = []
- self._undobuffersize = undobuffersize
- self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(undobuffersize)
- self._update()
- def reset(self):
- """Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
- No argument.
- Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
- and set variables to the default values.
- Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> turtle.position()
- (0.00,-22.00)
- >>> turtle.heading()
- 100.0
- >>> turtle.reset()
- >>> turtle.position()
- (0.00,0.00)
- >>> turtle.heading()
- 0.0
- """
- TNavigator.reset(self)
- TPen._reset(self)
- self._clear()
- self._drawturtle()
- self._update()
- def setundobuffer(self, size):
- """Set or disable undobuffer.
- Argument:
- size -- an integer or None
- If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
- Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
- by the undo() function.
- If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
- Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
- """
- if size is None or size <= 0:
- self.undobuffer = None
- else:
- self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(size)
- def undobufferentries(self):
- """Return count of entries in the undobuffer.
- No argument.
- Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> while undobufferentries():
- ... undo()
- """
- if self.undobuffer is None:
- return 0
- return self.undobuffer.nr_of_items()
- def _clear(self):
- """Delete all of pen's drawings"""
- self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
- for item in self.items:
- self.screen._delete(item)
- self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline()
- self.currentLine = []
- if self._drawing:
- self.currentLine.append(self._position)
- self.items = [self.currentLineItem]
- self.clearstamps()
- self.setundobuffer(self._undobuffersize)
- def clear(self):
- """Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
- No arguments.
- Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
- State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
- turtles are not affected.
- Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> turtle.clear()
- """
- self._clear()
- self._update()
- def _update_data(self):
- self.screen._incrementudc()
- if self.screen._updatecounter != 0:
- return
- if len(self.currentLine)>1:
- self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine,
- self._pencolor, self._pensize)
- def _update(self):
- """Perform a Turtle-data update.
- """
- screen = self.screen
- if screen._tracing == 0:
- return
- elif screen._tracing == 1:
- self._update_data()
- self._drawturtle()
- screen._update() # TurtleScreenBase
- screen._delay(screen._delayvalue) # TurtleScreenBase
- else:
- self._update_data()
- if screen._updatecounter == 0:
- for t in screen.turtles():
- t._drawturtle()
- screen._update()
- def _tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None):
- """Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
- Optional arguments:
- n -- nonnegative integer
- delay -- nonnegative integer
- If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
- (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
- Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
- Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> turtle.tracer(8, 25)
- >>> dist = 2
- >>> for i in range(200):
- ... turtle.fd(dist)
- ... turtle.rt(90)
- ... dist += 2
- """
- return self.screen.tracer(flag, delay)
- def _color(self, args):
- return self.screen._color(args)
- def _colorstr(self, args):
- return self.screen._colorstr(args)
- def _cc(self, args):
- """Convert colortriples to hexstrings.
- """
- if isinstance(args, str):
- return args
- try:
- r, g, b = args
- except (TypeError, ValueError):
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(args))
- if self.screen._colormode == 1.0:
- r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)]
- if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)):
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(args))
- return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b)
- def clone(self):
- """Create and return a clone of the turtle.
- No argument.
- Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
- and turtle properties.
- Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
- mick = Turtle()
- joe = mick.clone()
- """
- screen = self.screen
- self._newLine(self._drawing)
- turtle = self.turtle
- self.screen = None
- self.turtle = None # too make self deepcopy-able
- q = deepcopy(self)
- self.screen = screen
- self.turtle = turtle
- q.screen = screen
- q.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, self.turtle.shapeIndex)
- screen._turtles.append(q)
- ttype = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]._type
- if ttype == "polygon":
- q.turtle._item = screen._createpoly()
- elif ttype == "image":
- q.turtle._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
- elif ttype == "compound":
- q.turtle._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in
- screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]._data]
- q.currentLineItem = screen._createline()
- q._update()
- return q
- def shape(self, name=None):
- """Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
- Optional argument:
- name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
- Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
- return name of current shape.
- Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
- Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
- 'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
- To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
- Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> turtle.shape()
- 'arrow'
- >>> turtle.shape("turtle")
- >>> turtle.shape()
- 'turtle'
- """
- if name is None:
- return self.turtle.shapeIndex
- if not name in self.screen.getshapes():
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape named %s" % name)
- self.turtle._setshape(name)
- self._update()
- def shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None):
- """Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
- Optional arguments:
- stretch_wid : positive number
- stretch_len : positive number
- outline : positive number
- Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
- Set resizemode to "user".
- If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
- stretched according to its stretchfactors:
- stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
- stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
- outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
- Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> turtle.resizemode("user")
- >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
- >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
- """
- if stretch_wid is stretch_len is outline is None:
- stretch_wid, stretch_len = self._stretchfactor
- return stretch_wid, stretch_len, self._outlinewidth
- if stretch_wid == 0 or stretch_len == 0:
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("stretch_wid/stretch_len must not be zero")
- if stretch_wid is not None:
- if stretch_len is None:
- stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_wid
- else:
- stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_len
- elif stretch_len is not None:
- stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor[0], stretch_len
- else:
- stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor
- if outline is None:
- outline = self._outlinewidth
- self.pen(resizemode="user",
- stretchfactor=stretchfactor, outline=outline)
- def shearfactor(self, shear=None):
- if shear is None:
- return self._shearfactor
- self.pen(resizemode="user", shearfactor=shear)
- def settiltangle(self, angle):
- tilt = -angle * self._degreesPerAU * self._angleOrient
- tilt = (tilt * math.pi / 180.0) % (2*math.pi)
- self.pen(resizemode="user", tilt=tilt)
- def tiltangle(self, angle=None):
- if angle is None:
- tilt = -self._tilt * (180.0/math.pi) * self._angleOrient
- return (tilt / self._degreesPerAU) % self._fullcircle
- else:
- self.settiltangle(angle)
- def tilt(self, angle):
- self.settiltangle(angle + self.tiltangle())
- def shapetransform(self, t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None):
- if t11 is t12 is t21 is t22 is None:
- return self._shapetrafo
- m11, m12, m21, m22 = self._shapetrafo
- if t11 is not None: m11 = t11
- if t12 is not None: m12 = t12
- if t21 is not None: m21 = t21
- if t22 is not None: m22 = t22
- if t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 == 0:
- raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad shape transform matrix: must not be singular")
- self._shapetrafo = (m11, m12, m21, m22)
- alfa = math.atan2(-m21, m11) % (2 * math.pi)
- sa, ca = math.sin(alfa), math.cos(alfa)
- a11, a12, a21, a22 = (ca*m11 - sa*m21, ca*m12 - sa*m22,
- sa*m11 + ca*m21, sa*m12 + ca*m22)
- self._stretchfactor = a11, a22
- self._shearfactor = a12/a22
- self._tilt = alfa
- self.pen(resizemode="user")
- def _polytrafo(self, poly):
- """Computes transformed polygon shapes from a shape
- according to current position and heading.
- """
- screen = self.screen
- p0, p1 = self._position
- e0, e1 = self._orient
- e = Vec2D(e0, e1 * screen.yscale / screen.xscale)
- e0, e1 = (1.0 / abs(e)) * e
- return [(p0+(e1*x+e0*y)/screen.xscale, p1+(-e0*x+e1*y)/screen.yscale)
- for (x, y) in poly]
- def get_shapepoly(self):
- shape = self.screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]
- if shape._type == "polygon":
- return self._getshapepoly(shape._data, shape._type == "compound")
- # else return None
- def _getshapepoly(self, polygon, compound=False):
- """Calculate transformed shape polygon according to resizemode
- and shapetransform.
- """
- if self._resizemode == "user" or compound:
- t11, t12, t21, t22 = self._shapetrafo
- elif self._resizemode == "auto":
- l = max(1, self._pensize/5.0)
- t11, t12, t21, t22 = l, 0, 0, l
- elif self._resizemode == "noresize":
- return polygon
- return tuple((t11*x + t12*y, t21*x + t22*y) for (x, y) in polygon)
- def _drawturtle(self):
- """Manages the correct rendering of the turtle with respect to
- its shape, resizemode, stretch and tilt etc."""
- screen = self.screen
- shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]
- ttype = shape._type
- titem = self.turtle._item
- if self._shown and screen._updatecounter == 0 and screen._tracing > 0:
- self._hidden_from_screen = False
- tshape = shape._data
- if ttype == "polygon":
- if self._resizemode == "noresize": w = 1
- elif self._resizemode == "auto": w = self._pensize
- else: w =self._outlinewidth
- shape = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(tshape))
- fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor
- screen._drawpoly(titem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc,
- width=w, top=True)
- elif ttype == "image":
- screen._drawimage(titem, self._position, tshape)
- elif ttype == "compound":
- for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(titem, tshape):
- poly = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(poly, True))
- screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc),
- outline=self._cc(oc), width=self._outlinewidth, top=True)
- else:
- if self._hidden_from_screen:
- return
- if ttype == "polygon":
- screen._drawpoly(titem, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "")
- elif ttype == "image":
- screen._drawimage(titem, self._position,
- screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
- elif ttype == "compound":
- for item in titem:
- screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "")
- self._hidden_from_screen = True
- ############################## stamp stuff ###############################
- def stamp(self):
- screen = self.screen
- shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]
- ttype = shape._type
- tshape = shape._data
- if ttype == "polygon":
- stitem = screen._createpoly()
- if self._resizemode == "noresize": w = 1
- elif self._resizemode == "auto": w = self._pensize
- else: w =self._outlinewidth
- shape = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(tshape))
- fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor
- screen._drawpoly(stitem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc,
- width=w, top=True)
- elif ttype == "image":
- stitem = screen._createimage("")
- screen._drawimage(stitem, self._position, tshape)
- elif ttype == "compound":
- stitem = []
- for element in tshape:
- item = screen._createpoly()
- stitem.append(item)
- stitem = tuple(stitem)
- for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(stitem, tshape):
- poly = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(poly, True))
- screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc),
- outline=self._cc(oc), width=self._outlinewidth, top=True)
- self.stampItems.append(stitem)
- self.undobuffer.push(("stamp", stitem))
- return stitem
- def _clearstamp(self, stampid):
- """does the work for clearstamp() and clearstamps()
- """
- if stampid in self.stampItems:
- if isinstance(stampid, tuple):
- for subitem in stampid:
- self.screen._delete(subitem)
- else:
- self.screen._delete(stampid)
- self.stampItems.remove(stampid)
- # Delete stampitem from undobuffer if necessary
- # if clearstamp is called directly.
- item = ("stamp", stampid)
- buf = self.undobuffer
- if item not in buf.buffer:
- return
- index = buf.buffer.index(item)
- buf.buffer.remove(item)
- if index <= buf.ptr:
- buf.ptr = (buf.ptr - 1) % buf.bufsize
- buf.buffer.insert((buf.ptr+1)%buf.bufsize, [None])
- def clearstamp(self, stampid):
- self._clearstamp(stampid)
- self._update()
- def clearstamps(self, n=None):
- if n is None:
- toDelete = self.stampItems[:]
- elif n >= 0:
- toDelete = self.stampItems[:n]
- else:
- toDelete = self.stampItems[n:]
- for item in toDelete:
- self._clearstamp(item)
- self._update()
- def _goto(self, end):
- """Move the pen to the point end, thereby drawing a line
- if pen is down. All other methods for turtle movement depend
- on this one.
- """
- ## Version with undo-stuff
- go_modes = ( self._drawing,
- self._pencolor,
- self._pensize,
- isinstance(self._fillpath, list))
- screen = self.screen
- undo_entry = ("go", self._position, end, go_modes,
- (self.currentLineItem,
- self.currentLine[:],
- screen._pointlist(self.currentLineItem),
- self.items[:])
- )
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.push(undo_entry)
- start = self._position
- if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1:
- diff = (end-start)
- diffsq = (diff[0]*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff[1]*screen.yscale)**2
- nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed))
- delta = diff * (1.0/nhops)
- for n in range(1, nhops):
- if n == 1:
- top = True
- else:
- top = False
- self._position = start + delta * n
- if self._drawing:
- screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem,
- (start, self._position),
- self._pencolor, self._pensize, top)
- self._update()
- if self._drawing:
- screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)),
- fill="", width=self._pensize)
- # Turtle now at end,
- if self._drawing: # now update currentLine
- self.currentLine.append(end)
- if isinstance(self._fillpath, list):
- self._fillpath.append(end)
- ###### vererbung!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- self._position = end
- if self._creatingPoly:
- self._poly.append(end)
- if len(self.currentLine) > 42: # 42! answer to the ultimate question
- # of life, the universe and everything
- self._newLine()
- self._update() #count=True)
- def _undogoto(self, entry):
- """Reverse a _goto. Used for undo()
- """
- old, new, go_modes, coodata = entry
- drawing, pc, ps, filling = go_modes
- cLI, cL, pl, items = coodata
- screen = self.screen
- if abs(self._position - new) > 0.5:
- print ("undogoto: HALLO-DA-STIMMT-WAS-NICHT!")
- # restore former situation
- self.currentLineItem = cLI
- self.currentLine = cL
- if pl == [(0, 0), (0, 0)]:
- usepc = ""
- else:
- usepc = pc
- screen._drawline(cLI, pl, fill=usepc, width=ps)
- todelete = [i for i in self.items if (i not in items) and
- (screen._type(i) == "line")]
- for i in todelete:
- screen._delete(i)
- self.items.remove(i)
- start = old
- if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1:
- diff = old - new
- diffsq = (diff[0]*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff[1]*screen.yscale)**2
- nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed))
- delta = diff * (1.0/nhops)
- for n in range(1, nhops):
- if n == 1:
- top = True
- else:
- top = False
- self._position = new + delta * n
- if drawing:
- screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem,
- (start, self._position),
- pc, ps, top)
- self._update()
- if drawing:
- screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)),
- fill="", width=ps)
- # Turtle now at position old,
- self._position = old
- if self._creatingPoly:
- if len(self._poly) > 0:
- self._poly.pop()
- if self._poly == []:
- self._creatingPoly = False
- self._poly = None
- if filling:
- if self._fillpath == []:
- self._fillpath = None
- print("Unwahrscheinlich in _undogoto!")
- elif self._fillpath is not None:
- self._fillpath.pop()
- self._update() #count=True)
- def _rotate(self, angle):
- """Turns pen clockwise by angle.
- """
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.push(("rot", angle, self._degreesPerAU))
- angle *= self._degreesPerAU
- neworient = self._orient.rotate(angle)
- tracing = self.screen._tracing
- if tracing == 1 and self._speed > 0:
- anglevel = 3.0 * self._speed
- steps = 1 + int(abs(angle)/anglevel)
- delta = 1.0*angle/steps
- for _ in range(steps):
- self._orient = self._orient.rotate(delta)
- self._update()
- self._orient = neworient
- self._update()
- def _newLine(self, usePos=True):
- if len(self.currentLine) > 1:
- self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine,
- self._pencolor, self._pensize)
- self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline()
- self.items.append(self.currentLineItem)
- else:
- self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, top=True)
- self.currentLine = []
- if usePos:
- self.currentLine = [self._position]
- def filling(self):
- """Return fillstate (True if filling, False else).
- No argument.
- Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> turtle.begin_fill()
- >>> if turtle.filling():
- ... turtle.pensize(5)
- ... else:
- ... turtle.pensize(3)
- """
- return isinstance(self._fillpath, list)
- def begin_fill(self):
- if not self.filling():
- self._fillitem = self.screen._createpoly()
- self.items.append(self._fillitem)
- self._fillpath = [self._position]
- self._newLine()
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.push(("beginfill", self._fillitem))
- self._update()
- def end_fill(self):
- """Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
- No argument.
- Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> turtle.color("black", "red")
- >>> turtle.begin_fill()
- >>> turtle.circle(60)
- >>> turtle.end_fill()
- """
- if self.filling():
- if len(self._fillpath) > 2:
- self.screen._drawpoly(self._fillitem, self._fillpath,
- fill=self._fillcolor)
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.push(("dofill", self._fillitem))
- self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
- self._update()
- def dot(self, size=None, *color):
- if not color:
- if isinstance(size, (str, tuple)):
- color = self._colorstr(size)
- size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
- else:
- color = self._pencolor
- if not size:
- size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
- else:
- if size is None:
- size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
- color = self._colorstr(color)
- if hasattr(self.screen, "_dot"):
- item = self.screen._dot(self._position, size, color)
- self.items.append(item)
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.push(("dot", item))
- else:
- pen = self.pen()
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
- self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
- try:
- if self.resizemode() == 'auto':
- self.ht()
- self.pendown()
- self.pensize(size)
- self.pencolor(color)
- self.forward(0)
- finally:
- self.pen(pen)
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
- def _write(self, txt, align, font):
- """Performs the writing for write()
- """
- item, end = self.screen._write(self._position, txt, align, font,
- self._pencolor)
- self.items.append(item)
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.push(("wri", item))
- return end
- def write(self, arg, move=False, align="left", font=("Arial", 8, "normal")):
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
- self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
- end = self._write(str(arg), align.lower(), font)
- if move:
- x, y = self.pos()
- self.setpos(end, y)
- if self.undobuffer:
- self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
- def begin_poly(self):
- """Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
- No argument.
- Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
- is first point of polygon.
- Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> turtle.begin_poly()
- """
- self._poly = [self._position]
- self._creatingPoly = True
- def end_poly(self):
- self._creatingPoly = False
- def get_poly(self):
- """Return the lastly recorded polygon.
- No argument.
- Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
- >>> p = turtle.get_poly()
- >>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
- """
- ## check if there is any poly?
- if self._poly is not None:
- return tuple(self._poly)
- def getscreen(self):
- return self.screen
- def getturtle(self):
- """Return the Turtleobject itself.
- No argument.
- Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
- Example:
- >>> pet = getturtle()
- >>> pet.fd(50)
- >>> pet
- <turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
- >>> turtles()
- [<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
- """
- return self
- getpen = getturtle
- ################################################################
- ### screen oriented methods recurring to methods of TurtleScreen
- ################################################################
- def _delay(self, delay=None):
- """Set delay value which determines speed of turtle animation.
- """
- return self.screen.delay(delay)
- def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
- self.screen._onclick(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
- self._update()
- def onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
- self.screen._onrelease(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
- self._update()
- def ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
- self.screen._ondrag(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
- def _undo(self, action, data):
- """Does the main part of the work for undo()
- """
- if self.undobuffer is None:
- return
- if action == "rot":
- angle, degPAU = data
- self._rotate(-angle*degPAU/self._degreesPerAU)
- dummy = self.undobuffer.pop()
- elif action == "stamp":
- stitem = data[0]
- self.clearstamp(stitem)
- elif action == "go":
- self._undogoto(data)
- elif action in ["wri", "dot"]:
- item = data[0]
- self.screen._delete(item)
- self.items.remove(item)
- elif action == "dofill":
- item = data[0]
- self.screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0),(0, 0),(0, 0)),
- fill="", outline="")
- elif action == "beginfill":
- item = data[0]
- self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
- if item in self.items:
- self.screen._delete(item)
- self.items.remove(item)
- elif action == "pen":
- TPen.pen(self, data[0])
- self.undobuffer.pop()
- def undo(self):
- if self.undobuffer is None:
- return
- item = self.undobuffer.pop()
- action = item[0]
- data = item[1:]
- if action == "seq":
- while data:
- item = data.pop()
- self._undo(item[0], item[1:])
- else:
- self._undo(action, data)
- turtlesize = shapesize
- RawPen = RawTurtle
- ### Screen - Singleton ########################
- def Screen():
- """Return the singleton screen object.
- If none exists at the moment, create a new one and return it,
- else return the existing one."""
- if Turtle._screen is None:
- Turtle._screen = _Screen()
- return Turtle._screen
- class _Screen(TurtleScreen):
- _root = None
- _canvas = None
- _title = _CFG["title"]
- def __init__(self):
- if _Screen._root is None:
- _Screen._root = self._root = _Root()
- self._root.title(_Screen._title)
- self._root.ondestroy(self._destroy)
- if _Screen._canvas is None:
- width = _CFG["width"]
- height = _CFG["height"]
- canvwidth = _CFG["canvwidth"]
- canvheight = _CFG["canvheight"]
- leftright = _CFG["leftright"]
- topbottom = _CFG["topbottom"]
- self._root.setupcanvas(width, height, canvwidth, canvheight)
- _Screen._canvas = self._root._getcanvas()
- TurtleScreen.__init__(self, _Screen._canvas)
- self.setup(width, height, leftright, topbottom)
- def setup(self, width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"],
- startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"]):
- if not hasattr(self._root, "set_geometry"):
- return
- sw = self._root.win_width()
- sh = self._root.win_height()
- if isinstance(width, float) and 0 <= width <= 1:
- width = sw*width
- if startx is None:
- startx = (sw - width) / 2
- if isinstance(height, float) and 0 <= height <= 1:
- height = sh*height
- if starty is None:
- starty = (sh - height) / 2
- self._root.set_geometry(width, height, startx, starty)
- self.update()
- def title(self, titlestring):
- if _Screen._root is not None:
- _Screen._root.title(titlestring)
- _Screen._title = titlestring
- def _destroy(self):
- root = self._root
- if root is _Screen._root:
- Turtle._pen = None
- Turtle._screen = None
- _Screen._root = None
- _Screen._canvas = None
- TurtleScreen._RUNNING = False
- root.destroy()
- def bye(self):
- """Shut the turtlegraphics window.
- Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
- >>> screen.bye()
- """
- self._destroy()
- def exitonclick(self):
- def exitGracefully(x, y):
- """Screen.bye() with two dummy-parameters"""
- self.bye()
- self.onclick(exitGracefully)
- if _CFG["using_IDLE"]:
- return
- try:
- mainloop()
- except AttributeError:
- exit(0)
- class Turtle(RawTurtle):
- """RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas.
- When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some
- Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created.
- """
- _pen = None
- _screen = None
- def __init__(self,
- shape=_CFG["shape"],
- undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"],
- visible=_CFG["visible"]):
- if Turtle._screen is None:
- Turtle._screen = Screen()
- RawTurtle.__init__(self, Turtle._screen,
- shape=shape,
- undobuffersize=undobuffersize,
- visible=visible)
- Pen = Turtle
- def write_docstringdict(filename="turtle_docstringdict"):
- docsdict = {}
- for methodname in _tg_screen_functions:
- key = "_Screen."+methodname
- docsdict[key] = eval(key).__doc__
- for methodname in _tg_turtle_functions:
- key = "Turtle."+methodname
- docsdict[key] = eval(key).__doc__
- with open("%s.py" % filename,"w") as f:
- keys = sorted(x for x in docsdict
- if x.split('.')[1] not in _alias_list)
- f.write('docsdict = {\n\n')
- for key in keys[:-1]:
- f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key))
- f.write(' """%s\n""",\n\n' % docsdict[key])
- key = keys[-1]
- f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key))
- f.write(' """%s\n"""\n\n' % docsdict[key])
- f.write("}\n")
- f.close()
- def read_docstrings(lang):
- """Read in docstrings from lang-specific docstring dictionary.
- Transfer docstrings, translated to lang, from a dictionary-file
- to the methods of classes Screen and Turtle and - in revised form -
- to the corresponding functions.
- """
- modname = "turtle_docstringdict_%(language)s" % {'language':lang.lower()}
- module = __import__(modname)
- docsdict = module.docsdict
- for key in docsdict:
- try:
- # eval(key).im_func.__doc__ = docsdict[key]
- eval(key).__doc__ = docsdict[key]
- except Exception:
- print("Bad docstring-entry: %s" % key)
- _LANGUAGE = _CFG["language"]
- try:
- if _LANGUAGE != "english":
- read_docstrings(_LANGUAGE)
- except ImportError:
- print("Cannot find docsdict for", _LANGUAGE)
- except Exception:
- print ("Unknown Error when trying to import %s-docstring-dictionary" %
- _LANGUAGE)
- def getmethparlist(ob):
- defText = callText = ""
- # bit of a hack for methods - turn it into a function
- # but we drop the "self" param.
- # Try and build one for Python defined functions
- args, varargs, varkw = inspect.getargs(ob.__code__)
- items2 = args[1:]
- realArgs = args[1:]
- defaults = ob.__defaults__ or []
- defaults = ["=%r" % (value,) for value in defaults]
- defaults = [""] * (len(realArgs)-len(defaults)) + defaults
- items1 = [arg + dflt for arg, dflt in zip(realArgs, defaults)]
- if varargs is not None:
- items1.append("*" + varargs)
- items2.append("*" + varargs)
- if varkw is not None:
- items1.append("**" + varkw)
- items2.append("**" + varkw)
- defText = ", ".join(items1)
- defText = "(%s)" % defText
- callText = ", ".join(items2)
- callText = "(%s)" % callText
- return defText, callText
- def _turtle_docrevise(docstr):
- """To reduce docstrings from RawTurtle class for functions
- """
- import re
- if docstr is None:
- return None
- turtlename = _CFG["exampleturtle"]
- newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % turtlename,"")
- parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % turtlename)
- newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr)
- return newdocstr
- def _screen_docrevise(docstr):
- """To reduce docstrings from TurtleScreen class for functions
- """
- import re
- if docstr is None:
- return None
- screenname = _CFG["examplescreen"]
- newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % screenname,"")
- parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % screenname)
- newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr)
- return newdocstr
- ## The following mechanism makes all methods of RawTurtle and Turtle available
- ## as functions. So we can enhance, change, add, delete methods to these
- ## classes and do not need to change anything here.
- __func_body = """\
- def {name}{paramslist}:
- if {obj} is None:
- if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
- TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
- raise Terminator
- {obj} = {init}
- try:
- return {obj}.{name}{argslist}
- except TK.TclError:
- if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
- TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
- raise Terminator
- raise
- """
- def _make_global_funcs(functions, cls, obj, init, docrevise):
- for methodname in functions:
- method = getattr(cls, methodname)
- pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(method)
- if pl1 == "":
- print(">>>>>>", pl1, pl2)
- continue
- defstr = __func_body.format(obj=obj, init=init, name=methodname,
- paramslist=pl1, argslist=pl2)
- exec(defstr, globals())
- globals()[methodname].__doc__ = docrevise(method.__doc__)
- _make_global_funcs(_tg_screen_functions, _Screen,
- 'Turtle._screen', 'Screen()', _screen_docrevise)
- _make_global_funcs(_tg_turtle_functions, Turtle,
- 'Turtle._pen', 'Turtle()', _turtle_docrevise)
- done = mainloop
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- def switchpen():
- if isdown():
- pu()
- else:
- pd()
- def demo1():
- """Demo of old turtle.py - module"""
- reset()
- tracer(True)
- up()
- backward(100)
- down()
- # draw 3 squares; the last filled
- width(3)
- for i in range(3):
- if i == 2:
- begin_fill()
- for _ in range(4):
- forward(20)
- left(90)
- if i == 2:
- color("maroon")
- end_fill()
- up()
- forward(30)
- down()
- width(1)
- color("black")
- # move out of the way
- tracer(False)
- up()
- right(90)
- forward(100)
- right(90)
- forward(100)
- right(180)
- down()
- # some text
- write("startstart", 1)
- write("start", 1)
- color("red")
- # staircase
- for i in range(5):
- forward(20)
- left(90)
- forward(20)
- right(90)
- # filled staircase
- tracer(True)
- begin_fill()
- for i in range(5):
- forward(20)
- left(90)
- forward(20)
- right(90)
- end_fill()
- # more text
- def demo2():
- """Demo of some new features."""
- speed(1)
- st()
- pensize(3)
- setheading(towards(0, 0))
- radius = distance(0, 0)/2.0
- rt(90)
- for _ in range(18):
- switchpen()
- circle(radius, 10)
- write("wait a moment...")
- while undobufferentries():
- undo()
- reset()
- lt(90)
- colormode(255)
- laenge = 10
- pencolor("green")
- pensize(3)
- lt(180)
- for i in range(-2, 16):
- if i > 0:
- begin_fill()
- fillcolor(255-15*i, 0, 15*i)
- for _ in range(3):
- fd(laenge)
- lt(120)
- end_fill()
- laenge += 10
- lt(15)
- speed((speed()+1)%12)
- #end_fill()
- lt(120)
- pu()
- fd(70)
- rt(30)
- pd()
- color("red","yellow")
- speed(0)
- begin_fill()
- for _ in range(4):
- circle(50, 90)
- rt(90)
- fd(30)
- rt(90)
- end_fill()
- lt(90)
- pu()
- fd(30)
- pd()
- shape("turtle")
- tri = getturtle()
- tri.resizemode("auto")
- turtle = Turtle()
- turtle.resizemode("auto")
- turtle.shape("turtle")
- turtle.reset()
- turtle.left(90)
- turtle.speed(0)
- turtle.up()
- turtle.goto(280, 40)
- turtle.lt(30)
- turtle.down()
- turtle.speed(6)
- turtle.color("blue","orange")
- turtle.pensize(2)
- tri.speed(6)
- setheading(towards(turtle))
- count = 1
- while tri.distance(turtle) > 4:
- turtle.fd(3.5)
- turtle.lt(0.6)
- tri.setheading(tri.towards(turtle))
- tri.fd(4)
- if count % 20 == 0:
- turtle.stamp()
- tri.stamp()
- switchpen()
- count += 1
- tri.write("CAUGHT! ", font=("Arial", 16, "bold"), align="right")
- tri.pencolor("black")
- tri.pencolor("red")
- def baba(xdummy, ydummy):
- clearscreen()
- bye()
- time.sleep(2)
- while undobufferentries():
- tri.undo()
- turtle.undo()
- tri.fd(50)
- tri.write(" Click me!", font = ("Courier", 12, "bold") )
- tri.onclick(baba, 1)
- demo1()
- demo2()
- exitonclick()
复制代码 最后保存应该就没问题了。(网站对帖子字数有限制,因此代码中省略了部分注释和文档,但不影响功能使用)
如果还是不行建议重装Python |
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