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1 And we'll go to the web page in a minute, but for now, I'll just show it to you.2 If you don't have it yet, it's called A Course in Phonetics by Peter Latifogid and revised by Keith Johnson.
3 Peter Latifogid was certainly one of the greatest
4 phoneticians who ever lived.
5 And he was not only that, he was probably one of the very
6 greatest teachers of phonetics who ever lived.
7 He died in 2006.
8 He came to Taiwan at least once, probably more times. I saw him once in Taiwan.
9 And when you use the book, you will find out
10 why we're so crazy about it.
11 I mean, how many people really love a textbook?
12 But in this class, and we've taught it for over 10 years now,
13 the students end up really liking this textbook
14 and also the other one that we'll use second semester
15 if you're back.
16 So Peter Latifogid is really the master
17 as far as I'm concerned.
18 This is, as far as I've heard,
19 is the best selling linguistic text in the States.
20 The best selling.
21 However, in the US, it costs over 100 US dollars.
22 You paid only about 490, is that right?
23 Taiwan dollars. Well, why is it so expensive? It doesn't look like it should
24 be so expensive, right? Can you figure out why they make it so expensive?
25 It's a sure thing. It's so popular. They can get a lot of money from it, so they
26 do. Other books don't make a lot of money from it, so they do.
27 Other books don't make a lot of money, so they make up for it with this book.
28 And what's happened is, because of this, some teachers no longer use this book
29 because it's too expensive.
30 So never mind all that. We don't have that problem here.
31 This is the International Edition, which they sell for a reasonable price.
32 It's well worth the cost here. So every Monday, you hand in your notes
33 from the previous week.
34 Got it?
35 And your notes include not only things
36 about phonetics from the textbook,
37 extra things that I tell you, but in addition,
38 you're going to be reading from the textbook aloud.
39 The camera will focus on you when you do it, and you will make mistakes. How does it feel when you make a mistake? Does it
40 feel wonderful? It feels pretty lousy. We humans are pretty afraid of making
41 mistakes, is that right? But you're going to need to have a new view of mistakes
42 as gifts.
43 These are precious gifts.
44 Because when I first started teaching way back in 1990
45 at Taida, I thought I was OK.
46 I'd studied linguistics and knew some Chinese and so forth.
47 I thought I knew what I was doing.
48 But my students were speaking a version of English
49 that I could usually understand, but it
50 was very different from mine. And I couldn usually understand, but it was very different from mine.
51 And I couldn't really understand why it was so different,
52 how it was so different, until I examined it closely.
53 I listened to many, many students speaking English.
54 Eventually, I did a project with the Guo Ke Hui,
55 and we recorded over 200 people speaking Tai Shi English.
56 Yeah, you have your own dialect.
57 This is a very special dialect of English, Tai Chi English.
58 And so I'm still working on the project now.
59 I'll write a book on it.
60 I hope to finish it in another year or two.
61 There's a very special kind of English called Tai Chi English,
62 Taiwan style English.
63 And you think, well, I'm very proud of that.
64 There's Taiwanese English. Now you think, well, I'm very proud of that. There's Taiwanese English.
65 Now, in Guangdong.
66 The thing is, accents are not a problem
67 if they are understandable.
68 If they are not so understandable, it's a problem.
69 Now, I want you to think of a foreigner who
70 speaks kind of weird Chinese.
71 At first, you think it's cute.
72 You say, ah, ni hao li hai.
73 Ni jiang de bi zhong wen hai geng hao e.
74 But when they, when they start saying, wo shi mei guo ren,
75 and they keep on talking like that, your ears get a little tired of it.
76 You don't always understand because there's so many homophones in Chinese.
77 So, think of how you feel. You think the person is maybe not so smart.
78 You are less competitive if you have a strong accent.
79 And there's also the matter of power.
80 Now, China is getting more powerful.
81 Everybody's noticed, right?
82 So maybe Chinese-style English will get more and more popular,
83 too.
84 I don't know.
85 It hasn't happened yet.
86 We still have a problem understanding Chinese English
87 and Taiwan English.
88 When your listener gets really tired, I'll give you an example.
89 Do you know anybody who's very old who comes from mainland China?
90 Nianji hen da.
91 And their Mandarin has a very, very strong accent.
92 Xiangyin hen zhou.
93 After they talk to you for 20 minutes,
94 Ni hao, ni hao, houo zhou bu jian, ah,
95 what do you, okay, can you understand them?
96 You can understand them, but after 20 minutes
97 talking to this person, how do you feel?
98 You feel very tired, is that right?
99 That's how people feel listening to Taiwan English.
100 We have to try very hard to guess what you mean.
101 And after 20 minutes, we're exhausted.
102 So the next time we see you, do you think we're going to be really excited and want to talk?
103 No, because it tires us out too much.
104 Now, there are many reasons for needing a good accent, and this is really one of them.
105 It's for your listener.
106 To make your listener comfortable, to make things easy for your listener,
107 and then they want to talk with you, it's good for everybody. Now we
108 should be more tolerant of people with an accent, that is true, but we cannot
109 teach all the listeners in the world. We can however try to help the speakers do
110 a better job. That's what we want to do in this class, in addition to learning
111 the theory of phonetics as well. So pronunciation correction is a big thing. What I said about power, it really depends on how
112 powerful and how popular your version is. So for example, if you hear a Frenchman
113 speaking, do you think it is very charming? Some people think it's very
114 charming and that's because French has always been very prestigious in English culture.
115 I shouldn't say always, since at least many centuries, French has been very, very prestigious in English.
116 We admire the French just because they are so sophisticated and charming, so we don't mind their accent, we think it's cute.
117 But before a people reaches that level of prestige,
118 their accent is simply hard to understand.
119 I had an experience in class once that was kind of funny.
120 I've lived in Taiwan so long, it's over 20 years,
121 and I asked the students what they did over winter vacation,
122 and one student said, TV Gans.
123 Did you all understand?
124 She said, TV Gens. Did you all understand? She said TV Gens.
125 Some of you understand it because you speak Taiwan English.
126 I asked at a phonology conference a few years ago,
127 it was full of native speakers of English,
128 not one person could understand it.
129 Nobody understood it.
130 And we just kept laughing and finally they said,
131 well tell us, what is it, what is it? It was TV games. TV games. A lot of you understood it. TV games.
132 There was a problem with stress. There was no final M. So your listener is not
133 just giving you a hard time. They really don't understand. And when they don't
134 understand, their patience will wear thin. Okay, so this is just a little talk
135 about the importance of pronunciation.
136 If you think that there's no point
137 in being very, very picky about pronunciation,
138 you're in the wrong class.
139 You probably will have to try something else.
140 Here is my website, and it's very easy to find.
141 All you have to do is type in Karen Zhong,
142 or Shi Jia Ling will work just as well.
143 But it's not Shi Jia Ling,
144 it's Ling, n n,
145 you have to be careful.
146 Wang zi pang xie yu pang shuang mu ling.
147 Alright, these are for all of my classes.
148 This is the one that we need for this class,
149 Introduction to Phonetics 1.
150 And we'll have a look at the index there.
151 We're going to start now with one overview
152 of Introduction to Phonetics page 1. Most of the information you need to know to get going in this class is on that page.
153 We need a standard version of English for English education,
154 and in Taiwan they decided in the 1960s it was going to be American English.
155 We will call it GA General American or SAE Standard American English.
156 Now, you will get a lot General American, or SAE Standard American English.
157 Now, you will get a lot of people scoffing that
158 and saying that there is no such thing as Standard English,
159 or Standard any language.
160 That's true to a certain extent, but on the other hand,
161 there is a version with certain features
162 that we all pretty much agree on can be called
163 Standard in American English.
164 It's mainly based on Midwestern English,
165 starting from, say, Ohio and Indiana and going west.
166 Pretty much most of that part of the country
167 speaks what we would call general American
168 or standard English.
169 The biggest differences in pronunciation and dialect
170 come in different parts of the country.
171 All right, we're going to start our participation now in the class.
172 Anybody want to guess which parts of the U.S. probably have more variation as regards dialects?
173 Anybody? Yeah.
174 New Jersey.
175 Okay, New Jersey. That's on the East Coast. New Jersey, New York, New England,
176 all of those places have a lot of different dialects.
177 Boston, they're very famous for this one sentence
178 that everybody cites,
179 G'pahk y'kahn, nahavad yad.
180 And I lived in Boston for a semester
181 and my landlady talked just like that.
182 So the dialects are not necessarily spoken
183 by everybody all the time,
184 but there are many different dialects.
185 I have a friend from Boston who's in his 30s,
186 and he has a very strong Boston accent,
187 and sometimes I have to ask him to repeat what he says.
188 Okay, and usually they can tone it down
189 when they feel that standard English is expected,
190 because dialects are not
191 appropriate in every single situation.
192 Sometimes we expect standard English.
193 And so usually people who speak a dialect will also
194 learn the standard variety so they can code switch.
195 To code switch means to choose the right language for the
196 right situation.
197 Our standard will be standard American or General American,
198 but we're also going to talk a lot about Standard Southern British.
199 They have an abbreviation, SSB, and my British friend calls it RP a lot.
200 I mean, that's used by some people, not by everybody, which stands for Received Pronunciation.
201 That means it's the pronunciation that we think sounds the most educated
202 and the most appropriate and correct.
203 You should know that most people in Britain now do not speak this language.
204 English is changing. So for example, you will hear younger people say one, two, three, four.
205 Is there anything kind of funny about that?
206 Okay, look at those free buildings. Free buildings.
207 Is there anything kind of unusual about that?
208 What's different?
209 One, two, three, four.
210 What's wrong?
211 They don't stick out their tongue.
212 Three, one, two, three, four.
213 It's becoming free.
214 Now, my British friend, who is over 50, says, oh,
215 we call that estuary English.
216 I won't write it now.
217 Estuary English is a kind of popular teenager version
218 of English that's being adopted by many people.
219 But I listen to the BBC almost every day,
220 and people over 30 and over 40 are talking
221 like this more and more.
222 So British English is changing. It's no longer like what you hear in the most conservative BBC
223 broadcasts or you learn in textbooks. It's changing. Building. The L after vowels is
224 disappearing. It's becoming U. Building. All right. We're going to talk about RP or
225 standard British English a lot.
226 That was Peter Latifogue's dialect.
227 And we're also going to talk about other dialects of English as well.
228 And there are plenty of other ones.
229 There's South African English.
230 There's Australian, Canadian English.
231 We're going to learn about something called Canadian Raising.
232 There's Indian English, the English they speak in Singapore, the Philippines, etc.
233 Probably once a week we will have a dictation.
234 And the dictations will seem very, very simple.
235 But I have found that students often have
236 a lot of problem with vowels.
237 For example, ten, ton, tongue, tone.
238 Are you sure about all of those?
239 We have trouble with a lot of those similar vowels.
240 Ton, tongue, tone. Those three often get mixed up, for example.
241 And ren, rung, ren, rung.
242 In that case, it's not the vowels, it's the N and G ending,
243 but they seem like really simple words, but they're simple in a sentence.
244 For example, I have a ton of work to do, and stick out your tongue, and you use the wrong tone.
245 In that case, it's perfectly clear.
246 Ton, tongue, tone, many people get them wrong.
247 And like I said, I've taught this class for over 10 years, and people still get them wrong,
248 often until towards the end of first semester they still have problems. So we're going to
249 give you usually 10 items
250 out of context. You will find how much you rely on context to understand things
251 in English, at least some of you.
252 Out of context it's not so easy. The purpose of all this
253 is not so much a lot of technical information, memorizing rules,
254 or even specifically
255 changing your pronunciation or anything like that.
256 The thing is, we want you to sharpen your ears
257 so they're so sensitive that you notice all kinds of things
258 that you never noticed before.
259 Now, there's good and bad in this,
260 because sometimes you will start criticizing your friends,
261 and they'll get really irritated at you.
262 They'll unfriend you on Facebook.
263 They just think you're a real pain.
264 You really need to be careful how you use it.
265 You will also notice it in teachers, I have to warn you.
266 And when it happens on teachers,
267 then you really have to be mature about it, okay?
268 Just put it in your notes.
269 Okay, we all have our mistakes
270 and you will notice my weaknesses in other areas,
271 but in pronunciation, that's one where you're
272 going to be able to catch people.
273 But it is good for you, because as a future teacher of English
274 or as somebody who's interested in linguistics and language,
275 that is something very, very basic.
276 We need to learn how to listen and be sensitive.
277 And we're going to go on next to another page that's
278 going to introduce you to the different areas of linguistics
279 and phonetics.
280 So where does linguistics, phonetics,
281 fit into in linguistics in general?
282 OK, we're just going to start.
283 We're going to go around the room.
284 Tell me your name, and then I'm going
285 to ask you to come up here.
286 And then I want you to read a bit.
287 So your first, your name is? Danny?
288 Danny.
289 D-E-N-N-Y.
290 Danny, Danny.
291 Okay, so come on up.
292 I think it's better than bringing out the computers
293 because everybody gets in their own little world
294 if we pull up the computers.
295 Okay, all right, we're going to start here.
296 Everybody follow along and listen.
297 In addition to Chapter 1 of Ladyfoged.
298 All right, let's learn his name, first of all.
299 I say Laddafoged, and most people I know say Laddafoged.
300 Hang on just one second.
301 He says Laddyfoged.
302 He should know.
303 It's his name.
304 He says Laddyfoged.
305 But I've said Laddafoged so long, I'm not going to change it to Laddyfoged now.
306 And we used to have a Danish colleague, and I asked him how you say this in Danish because
307 this is a Danish name.
308 Now, watch and listen carefully.
309 He said, lathafo.
310 This is how I remember, I even recorded him saying it.
311 This is how it's pronounced in the original Danish.
312 Listen and watch again.
313 Lattefoged.
314 Now you're not expected to say it in Danish, but be aware.
315 As I remember it, if I remember correctly,
316 that's how you say it.
317 We say, lattefoged.
318 OK, lattefoged.
319 Lattefoged.
320 Ms. Agarwal?
321 Mm-hmm.
322 You can get some help from a site of the University College London.
323 UCL offers an abundance of online phonetic resources.
324 All right, phonetics resources.
325 I'm going to start telling you things about pronunciation as we go along.
326 What happens is it takes a long time, and that's why we go so slow in this class.
327 But each one is important, and it's stuff that's mostly not in the textbook.
328 So I'm going to tell you two things about those two words.
@FishC_GPT tommyyu 发表于 2023-12-02 11:23
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您好！很高兴看到您把我称作FishC_GPT，就像小甲鱼的FishC编程社区一样。如果您有任何编程相关的问题，或者需要关于学习编程的建议，我都非常乐意帮助您。请问您有什么具体问题吗？
以上回复来自 -- ChatGPT（FishC官方接口），如未能正确解答您的问题，请继续追问。 tommyyu 发表于 2023-12-2 11:23
@FishC_GPT
这样调用啊，知道了，谢谢 blackantt 发表于 2023-12-02 11:25
这样调用啊，知道了，谢谢
不客气，很高兴能为您提供帮助。如果您有任何其他问题，无论是编程相关的还是其他方面的疑问，都可以随时向我提问。祝您学习愉快！
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