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1 [00:00.000 --> 00:22.080] And we'll go to the web page in a minute, but for now, I'll just show it to you.
2 [00:22.080 --> 00:28.700] If you don't have it yet, it's called A Course in Phonetics by Peter Latifogid and revised by Keith Johnson.
3 [00:28.700 --> 00:31.820] Peter Latifogid was certainly one of the greatest
4 [00:31.820 --> 00:33.480] phoneticians who ever lived.
5 [00:33.480 --> 00:36.400] And he was not only that, he was probably one of the very
6 [00:36.400 --> 00:39.080] greatest teachers of phonetics who ever lived.
7 [00:39.080 --> 00:41.960] He died in 2006.
8 [00:41.960 --> 00:45.600] He came to Taiwan at least once, probably more times. I saw him once in Taiwan.
9 [00:45.600 --> 00:47.600] And when you use the book, you will find out
10 [00:47.600 --> 00:49.300] why we're so crazy about it.
11 [00:49.300 --> 00:52.200] I mean, how many people really love a textbook?
12 [00:52.200 --> 00:55.800] But in this class, and we've taught it for over 10 years now,
13 [00:55.800 --> 00:58.600] the students end up really liking this textbook
14 [00:58.600 --> 01:01.300] and also the other one that we'll use second semester
15 [01:01.300 --> 01:03.200] if you're back.
16 [01:03.200 --> 01:07.920] So Peter Latifogid is really the master
17 [01:07.920 --> 01:09.140] as far as I'm concerned.
18 [01:09.140 --> 01:11.120] This is, as far as I've heard,
19 [01:11.120 --> 01:15.000] is the best selling linguistic text in the States.
20 [01:15.000 --> 01:16.460] The best selling.
21 [01:16.460 --> 01:21.460] However, in the US, it costs over 100 US dollars.
22 [01:23.460 --> 01:25.940] You paid only about 490, is that right?
23 [01:25.940 --> 01:30.320] Taiwan dollars. Well, why is it so expensive? It doesn't look like it should
24 [01:30.320 --> 01:36.240] be so expensive, right? Can you figure out why they make it so expensive?
25 [01:38.240 --> 01:44.320] It's a sure thing. It's so popular. They can get a lot of money from it, so they
26 [01:44.320 --> 01:45.000] do. Other books don't make a lot of money from it, so they do.
27 [01:45.000 --> 01:48.000] Other books don't make a lot of money, so they make up for it with this book.
28 [01:48.000 --> 01:53.000] And what's happened is, because of this, some teachers no longer use this book
29 [01:53.000 --> 01:55.000] because it's too expensive.
30 [01:55.000 --> 01:58.000] So never mind all that. We don't have that problem here.
31 [01:58.000 --> 02:01.000] This is the International Edition, which they sell for a reasonable price.
32 [02:01.000 --> 02:07.560] It's well worth the cost here. So every Monday, you hand in your notes
33 [02:07.560 --> 02:08.880] from the previous week.
34 [02:08.880 --> 02:10.280] Got it?
35 [02:10.280 --> 02:12.720] And your notes include not only things
36 [02:12.720 --> 02:16.240] about phonetics from the textbook,
37 [02:16.240 --> 02:19.200] extra things that I tell you, but in addition,
38 [02:19.200 --> 02:22.400] you're going to be reading from the textbook aloud.
39 [02:22.400 --> 02:32.920] The camera will focus on you when you do it, and you will make mistakes. How does it feel when you make a mistake? Does it
40 [02:32.920 --> 02:37.080] feel wonderful? It feels pretty lousy. We humans are pretty afraid of making
41 [02:37.080 --> 02:43.040] mistakes, is that right? But you're going to need to have a new view of mistakes
42 [02:43.040 --> 02:45.000] as gifts.
43 [02:45.000 --> 02:47.160] These are precious gifts.
44 [02:47.160 --> 02:50.800] Because when I first started teaching way back in 1990
45 [02:50.800 --> 02:54.720] at Taida, I thought I was OK.
46 [02:54.720 --> 02:58.280] I'd studied linguistics and knew some Chinese and so forth.
47 [02:58.280 --> 03:00.080] I thought I knew what I was doing.
48 [03:00.080 --> 03:02.240] But my students were speaking a version of English
49 [03:02.240 --> 03:03.860] that I could usually understand, but it
50 [03:03.860 --> 03:05.360] was very different from mine. And I couldn usually understand, but it was very different from mine.
51 [03:06.400 --> 03:09.680] And I couldn't really understand why it was so different,
52 [03:09.680 --> 03:12.800] how it was so different, until I examined it closely.
53 [03:12.800 --> 03:15.920] I listened to many, many students speaking English.
54 [03:15.920 --> 03:19.840] Eventually, I did a project with the Guo Ke Hui,
55 [03:19.840 --> 03:24.280] and we recorded over 200 people speaking Tai Shi English.
56 [03:24.280 --> 03:26.200] Yeah, you have your own dialect.
57 [03:26.200 --> 03:30.080] This is a very special dialect of English, Tai Chi English.
58 [03:30.080 --> 03:32.320] And so I'm still working on the project now.
59 [03:32.320 --> 03:33.640] I'll write a book on it.
60 [03:33.640 --> 03:35.320] I hope to finish it in another year or two.
61 [03:36.360 --> 03:39.200] There's a very special kind of English called Tai Chi English,
62 [03:39.200 --> 03:40.520] Taiwan style English.
63 [03:41.840 --> 03:44.120] And you think, well, I'm very proud of that.
64 [03:44.120 --> 03:45.480] There's Taiwanese English. Now you think, well, I'm very proud of that. There's Taiwanese English.
65 [03:45.480 --> 03:47.120] Now, in Guangdong.
66 [03:47.120 --> 03:50.360] The thing is, accents are not a problem
67 [03:50.360 --> 03:53.120] if they are understandable.
68 [03:53.120 --> 03:57.120] If they are not so understandable, it's a problem.
69 [03:57.120 --> 03:59.240] Now, I want you to think of a foreigner who
70 [03:59.240 --> 04:00.880] speaks kind of weird Chinese.
71 [04:00.880 --> 04:02.600] At first, you think it's cute.
72 [04:02.600 --> 04:03.960] You say, ah, ni hao li hai.
73 [04:03.960 --> 04:06.400] Ni jiang de bi zhong wen hai geng hao e.
74 [04:06.400 --> 04:09.920] But when they, when they start saying, wo shi mei guo ren,
75 [04:09.920 --> 04:13.680] and they keep on talking like that, your ears get a little tired of it.
76 [04:13.680 --> 04:18.600] You don't always understand because there's so many homophones in Chinese.
77 [04:18.600 --> 04:22.080] So, think of how you feel. You think the person is maybe not so smart.
78 [04:23.800 --> 04:27.080] You are less competitive if you have a strong accent.
79 [04:27.080 --> 04:28.800] And there's also the matter of power.
80 [04:28.800 --> 04:31.520] Now, China is getting more powerful.
81 [04:31.520 --> 04:33.800] Everybody's noticed, right?
82 [04:33.800 --> 04:37.520] So maybe Chinese-style English will get more and more popular,
83 [04:37.520 --> 04:38.040] too.
84 [04:38.040 --> 04:38.720] I don't know.
85 [04:38.720 --> 04:40.520] It hasn't happened yet.
86 [04:40.520 --> 04:44.200] We still have a problem understanding Chinese English
87 [04:44.200 --> 04:45.500] and Taiwan English.
88 [04:45.500 --> 04:50.000] When your listener gets really tired, I'll give you an example.
89 [04:50.000 --> 04:54.000] Do you know anybody who's very old who comes from mainland China?
90 [04:54.000 --> 04:55.000] Nianji hen da.
91 [04:55.000 --> 04:58.500] And their Mandarin has a very, very strong accent.
92 [04:58.500 --> 05:00.000] Xiangyin hen zhou.
93 [05:00.000 --> 05:03.000] After they talk to you for 20 minutes,
94 [05:03.000 --> 05:06.040] Ni hao, ni hao, houo zhou bu jian, ah,
95 [05:06.040 --> 05:09.580] what do you, okay, can you understand them?
96 [05:09.580 --> 05:12.780] You can understand them, but after 20 minutes
97 [05:12.780 --> 05:15.300] talking to this person, how do you feel?
98 [05:15.300 --> 05:17.540] You feel very tired, is that right?
99 [05:17.540 --> 05:20.580] That's how people feel listening to Taiwan English.
100 [05:20.580 --> 05:24.260] We have to try very hard to guess what you mean.
101 [05:24.260 --> 05:26.000] And after 20 minutes, we're exhausted.
102 [05:26.000 --> 05:31.000] So the next time we see you, do you think we're going to be really excited and want to talk?
103 [05:31.000 --> 05:34.000] No, because it tires us out too much.
104 [05:34.000 --> 05:39.000] Now, there are many reasons for needing a good accent, and this is really one of them.
105 [05:39.000 --> 05:40.000] It's for your listener.
106 [05:40.000 --> 05:44.000] To make your listener comfortable, to make things easy for your listener,
107 [05:44.000 --> 05:47.820] and then they want to talk with you, it's good for everybody. Now we
108 [05:47.820 --> 05:52.580] should be more tolerant of people with an accent, that is true, but we cannot
109 [05:52.580 --> 05:57.520] teach all the listeners in the world. We can however try to help the speakers do
110 [05:57.520 --> 06:01.720] a better job. That's what we want to do in this class, in addition to learning
111 [06:01.720 --> 06:10.960] the theory of phonetics as well. So pronunciation correction is a big thing. What I said about power, it really depends on how
112 [06:10.960 --> 06:16.600] powerful and how popular your version is. So for example, if you hear a Frenchman
113 [06:16.600 --> 06:21.440] speaking, do you think it is very charming? Some people think it's very
114 [06:21.440 --> 06:27.000] charming and that's because French has always been very prestigious in English culture.
115 [06:27.000 --> 06:34.000] I shouldn't say always, since at least many centuries, French has been very, very prestigious in English.
116 [06:34.000 --> 06:41.000] We admire the French just because they are so sophisticated and charming, so we don't mind their accent, we think it's cute.
117 [06:41.000 --> 06:45.000] But before a people reaches that level of prestige,
118 [06:45.000 --> 06:48.000] their accent is simply hard to understand.
119 [06:48.000 --> 06:52.000] I had an experience in class once that was kind of funny.
120 [06:52.000 --> 06:54.000] I've lived in Taiwan so long, it's over 20 years,
121 [06:54.000 --> 06:58.000] and I asked the students what they did over winter vacation,
122 [06:58.000 --> 07:01.000] and one student said, TV Gans.
123 [07:01.000 --> 07:03.000] Did you all understand?
124 [07:03.000 --> 07:05.780] She said, TV Gens. Did you all understand? She said TV Gens.
125 [07:08.000 --> 07:11.380] Some of you understand it because you speak Taiwan English.
126 [07:11.380 --> 07:15.060] I asked at a phonology conference a few years ago,
127 [07:15.060 --> 07:17.260] it was full of native speakers of English,
128 [07:17.260 --> 07:19.700] not one person could understand it.
129 [07:19.700 --> 07:21.460] Nobody understood it.
130 [07:21.460 --> 07:23.100] And we just kept laughing and finally they said,
131 [07:23.100 --> 07:31.320] well tell us, what is it, what is it? It was TV games. TV games. A lot of you understood it. TV games.
132 [07:31.320 --> 07:37.080] There was a problem with stress. There was no final M. So your listener is not
133 [07:37.080 --> 07:40.240] just giving you a hard time. They really don't understand. And when they don't
134 [07:40.240 --> 07:45.680] understand, their patience will wear thin. Okay, so this is just a little talk
135 [07:45.680 --> 07:47.480] about the importance of pronunciation.
136 [07:47.480 --> 07:49.360] If you think that there's no point
137 [07:49.360 --> 07:51.340] in being very, very picky about pronunciation,
138 [07:51.340 --> 07:52.180] you're in the wrong class.
139 [07:52.180 --> 07:54.440] You probably will have to try something else.
140 [07:54.440 --> 07:57.880] Here is my website, and it's very easy to find.
141 [07:57.880 --> 08:00.240] All you have to do is type in Karen Zhong,
142 [08:00.240 --> 08:02.500] or Shi Jia Ling will work just as well.
143 [08:02.500 --> 08:04.040] But it's not Shi Jia Ling,
144 [08:04.040 --> 08:06.000] it's Ling, n n,
145 [08:06.000 --> 08:07.000] you have to be careful.
146 [08:07.000 --> 08:10.000] Wang zi pang xie yu pang shuang mu ling.
147 [08:10.000 --> 08:13.000] Alright, these are for all of my classes.
148 [08:13.000 --> 08:15.000] This is the one that we need for this class,
149 [08:15.000 --> 08:18.000] Introduction to Phonetics 1.
150 [08:18.000 --> 08:22.000] And we'll have a look at the index there.
151 [08:22.000 --> 08:24.000] We're going to start now with one overview
152 [08:24.000 --> 08:29.000] of Introduction to Phonetics page 1. Most of the information you need to know to get going in this class is on that page.
153 [08:29.000 --> 08:33.000] We need a standard version of English for English education,
154 [08:33.000 --> 08:37.000] and in Taiwan they decided in the 1960s it was going to be American English.
155 [08:37.000 --> 08:43.000] We will call it GA General American or SAE Standard American English.
156 [08:43.000 --> 08:46.080] Now, you will get a lot General American, or SAE Standard American English.
157 [08:46.080 --> 08:50.480] Now, you will get a lot of people scoffing that
158 [08:50.480 --> 08:53.320] and saying that there is no such thing as Standard English,
159 [08:53.320 --> 08:55.080] or Standard any language.
160 [08:55.080 --> 08:57.320] That's true to a certain extent, but on the other hand,
161 [08:57.320 --> 09:00.320] there is a version with certain features
162 [09:00.320 --> 09:03.840] that we all pretty much agree on can be called
163 [09:03.840 --> 09:06.000] Standard in American English.
164 [09:06.000 --> 09:08.000] It's mainly based on Midwestern English,
165 [09:08.000 --> 09:12.000] starting from, say, Ohio and Indiana and going west.
166 [09:12.000 --> 09:15.000] Pretty much most of that part of the country
167 [09:15.000 --> 09:17.000] speaks what we would call general American
168 [09:17.000 --> 09:19.000] or standard English.
169 [09:19.000 --> 09:23.000] The biggest differences in pronunciation and dialect
170 [09:23.000 --> 09:25.000] come in different parts of the country.
171 [09:25.000 --> 09:29.000] All right, we're going to start our participation now in the class.
172 [09:29.000 --> 09:37.000] Anybody want to guess which parts of the U.S. probably have more variation as regards dialects?
173 [09:37.000 --> 09:40.000] Anybody? Yeah.
174 [09:40.000 --> 09:41.000] New Jersey.
175 [09:41.000 --> 09:45.840] Okay, New Jersey. That's on the East Coast. New Jersey, New York, New England,
176 [09:45.840 --> 09:48.960] all of those places have a lot of different dialects.
177 [09:48.960 --> 09:52.880] Boston, they're very famous for this one sentence
178 [09:52.880 --> 09:54.080] that everybody cites,
179 [09:54.080 --> 09:56.520] G'pahk y'kahn, nahavad yad.
180 [09:56.520 --> 09:58.520] And I lived in Boston for a semester
181 [09:58.520 --> 10:01.200] and my landlady talked just like that.
182 [10:01.200 --> 10:06.000] So the dialects are not necessarily spoken
183 [10:06.000 --> 10:07.800] by everybody all the time,
184 [10:07.800 --> 10:09.800] but there are many different dialects.
185 [10:09.800 --> 10:13.000] I have a friend from Boston who's in his 30s,
186 [10:13.000 --> 10:15.800] and he has a very strong Boston accent,
187 [10:15.800 --> 10:18.800] and sometimes I have to ask him to repeat what he says.
188 [10:18.800 --> 10:21.800] Okay, and usually they can tone it down
189 [10:21.800 --> 10:24.800] when they feel that standard English is expected,
190 [10:24.800 --> 10:27.060] because dialects are not
191 [10:27.060 --> 10:29.280] appropriate in every single situation.
192 [10:29.280 --> 10:31.400] Sometimes we expect standard English.
193 [10:31.400 --> 10:33.760] And so usually people who speak a dialect will also
194 [10:33.760 --> 10:36.440] learn the standard variety so they can code switch.
195 [10:36.440 --> 10:39.320] To code switch means to choose the right language for the
196 [10:39.320 --> 10:40.760] right situation.
197 [10:40.760 --> 10:45.000] Our standard will be standard American or General American,
198 [10:45.000 --> 10:48.000] but we're also going to talk a lot about Standard Southern British.
199 [10:48.000 --> 10:55.000] They have an abbreviation, SSB, and my British friend calls it RP a lot.
200 [10:55.000 --> 11:00.000] I mean, that's used by some people, not by everybody, which stands for Received Pronunciation.
201 [11:00.000 --> 11:04.000] That means it's the pronunciation that we think sounds the most educated
202 [11:04.000 --> 11:06.240] and the most appropriate and correct.
203 [11:06.960 --> 11:12.240] You should know that most people in Britain now do not speak this language.
204 [11:13.740 --> 11:20.480] English is changing. So for example, you will hear younger people say one, two, three, four.
205 [11:21.360 --> 11:23.360] Is there anything kind of funny about that?
206 [11:27.000 --> 11:29.000] Okay, look at those free buildings. Free buildings.
207 [11:29.000 --> 11:33.000] Is there anything kind of unusual about that?
208 [11:33.000 --> 11:35.000] What's different?
209 [11:35.000 --> 11:36.000] One, two, three, four.
210 [11:36.000 --> 11:37.000] What's wrong?
211 [11:37.000 --> 11:39.000] They don't stick out their tongue.
212 [11:39.000 --> 11:41.000] Three, one, two, three, four.
213 [11:41.000 --> 11:43.000] It's becoming free.
214 [11:43.000 --> 11:46.960] Now, my British friend, who is over 50, says, oh,
215 [11:46.960 --> 11:49.600] we call that estuary English.
216 [11:49.600 --> 11:51.040] I won't write it now.
217 [11:51.040 --> 11:55.500] Estuary English is a kind of popular teenager version
218 [11:55.500 --> 11:59.600] of English that's being adopted by many people.
219 [11:59.600 --> 12:01.680] But I listen to the BBC almost every day,
220 [12:01.680 --> 12:04.600] and people over 30 and over 40 are talking
221 [12:04.600 --> 12:06.000] like this more and more.
222 [12:06.000 --> 12:12.960] So British English is changing. It's no longer like what you hear in the most conservative BBC
223 [12:12.960 --> 12:18.080] broadcasts or you learn in textbooks. It's changing. Building. The L after vowels is
224 [12:18.080 --> 12:23.680] disappearing. It's becoming U. Building. All right. We're going to talk about RP or
225 [12:23.680 --> 12:25.000] standard British English a lot.
226 [12:25.000 --> 12:27.000] That was Peter Latifogue's dialect.
227 [12:27.000 --> 12:31.000] And we're also going to talk about other dialects of English as well.
228 [12:31.000 --> 12:33.000] And there are plenty of other ones.
229 [12:33.000 --> 12:34.000] There's South African English.
230 [12:34.000 --> 12:36.000] There's Australian, Canadian English.
231 [12:36.000 --> 12:38.000] We're going to learn about something called Canadian Raising.
232 [12:38.000 --> 12:42.000] There's Indian English, the English they speak in Singapore, the Philippines, etc.
233 [12:42.000 --> 12:45.280] Probably once a week we will have a dictation.
234 [12:45.280 --> 12:48.400] And the dictations will seem very, very simple.
235 [12:48.400 --> 12:51.080] But I have found that students often have
236 [12:51.080 --> 12:52.880] a lot of problem with vowels.
237 [12:52.880 --> 12:59.400] For example, ten, ton, tongue, tone.
238 [12:59.400 --> 13:01.200] Are you sure about all of those?
239 [13:01.200 --> 13:03.600] We have trouble with a lot of those similar vowels.
240 [13:03.600 --> 13:08.240] Ton, tongue, tone. Those three often get mixed up, for example.
241 [13:08.260 --> 13:13.280] And ren, rung, ren, rung.
242 [13:13.300 --> 13:17.200] In that case, it's not the vowels, it's the N and G ending,
243 [13:17.220 --> 13:21.000] but they seem like really simple words, but they're simple in a sentence.
244 [13:21.020 --> 13:29.000] For example, I have a ton of work to do, and stick out your tongue, and you use the wrong tone.
245 [13:29.000 --> 13:31.000] In that case, it's perfectly clear.
246 [13:31.000 --> 13:37.000] Ton, tongue, tone, many people get them wrong.
247 [13:37.000 --> 13:42.000] And like I said, I've taught this class for over 10 years, and people still get them wrong,
248 [13:42.000 --> 13:47.220] often until towards the end of first semester they still have problems. So we're going to
249 [13:47.220 --> 13:49.000] give you usually 10 items
250 [13:49.000 --> 13:54.460] out of context. You will find how much you rely on context to understand things
251 [13:54.460 --> 13:55.960] in English, at least some of you.
252 [13:55.960 --> 14:00.280] Out of context it's not so easy. The purpose of all this
253 [14:00.280 --> 14:04.580] is not so much a lot of technical information, memorizing rules,
254 [14:04.580 --> 14:07.440] or even specifically
255 [14:07.440 --> 14:10.760] changing your pronunciation or anything like that.
256 [14:10.760 --> 14:13.200] The thing is, we want you to sharpen your ears
257 [14:13.200 --> 14:16.080] so they're so sensitive that you notice all kinds of things
258 [14:16.080 --> 14:18.200] that you never noticed before.
259 [14:18.200 --> 14:19.800] Now, there's good and bad in this,
260 [14:19.800 --> 14:23.400] because sometimes you will start criticizing your friends,
261 [14:23.400 --> 14:25.120] and they'll get really irritated at you.
262 [14:25.120 --> 14:27.160] They'll unfriend you on Facebook.
263 [14:27.160 --> 14:28.420] They just think you're a real pain.
264 [14:28.420 --> 14:30.800] You really need to be careful how you use it.
265 [14:30.800 --> 14:34.320] You will also notice it in teachers, I have to warn you.
266 [14:34.320 --> 14:35.720] And when it happens on teachers,
267 [14:35.720 --> 14:37.800] then you really have to be mature about it, okay?
268 [14:37.800 --> 14:39.800] Just put it in your notes.
269 [14:39.800 --> 14:41.340] Okay, we all have our mistakes
270 [14:41.340 --> 14:43.980] and you will notice my weaknesses in other areas,
271 [14:43.980 --> 14:46.080] but in pronunciation, that's one where you're
272 [14:46.080 --> 14:48.200] going to be able to catch people.
273 [14:48.200 --> 14:51.720] But it is good for you, because as a future teacher of English
274 [14:51.720 --> 14:55.400] or as somebody who's interested in linguistics and language,
275 [14:55.400 --> 14:56.880] that is something very, very basic.
276 [14:56.880 --> 15:00.000] We need to learn how to listen and be sensitive.
277 [15:00.000 --> 15:03.640] And we're going to go on next to another page that's
278 [15:03.640 --> 15:06.860] going to introduce you to the different areas of linguistics
279 [15:06.860 --> 15:08.620] and phonetics.
280 [15:08.620 --> 15:10.800] So where does linguistics, phonetics,
281 [15:10.800 --> 15:14.500] fit into in linguistics in general?
282 [15:14.500 --> 15:15.900] OK, we're just going to start.
283 [15:15.900 --> 15:17.320] We're going to go around the room.
284 [15:17.320 --> 15:18.860] Tell me your name, and then I'm going
285 [15:18.860 --> 15:21.180] to ask you to come up here.
286 [15:21.180 --> 15:22.580] And then I want you to read a bit.
287 [15:22.580 --> 15:25.000] So your first, your name is? Danny?
288 [15:25.000 --> 15:26.000] Danny.
289 [15:26.000 --> 15:27.000] D-E-N-N-Y.
290 [15:27.000 --> 15:28.000] Danny, Danny.
291 [15:28.000 --> 15:30.000] Okay, so come on up.
292 [15:30.000 --> 15:33.000] I think it's better than bringing out the computers
293 [15:33.000 --> 15:35.000] because everybody gets in their own little world
294 [15:35.000 --> 15:37.000] if we pull up the computers.
295 [15:37.000 --> 15:40.000] Okay, all right, we're going to start here.
296 [15:40.000 --> 15:43.000] Everybody follow along and listen.
297 [15:43.000 --> 15:46.480] In addition to Chapter 1 of Ladyfoged.
298 [15:46.480 --> 15:48.880] All right, let's learn his name, first of all.
299 [15:48.880 --> 15:51.800] I say Laddafoged, and most people I know say Laddafoged.
300 [15:51.800 --> 15:53.960] Hang on just one second.
301 [15:53.960 --> 15:55.680] He says Laddyfoged.
302 [15:55.680 --> 15:56.360] He should know.
303 [15:56.360 --> 15:57.880] It's his name.
304 [15:57.880 --> 15:59.360] He says Laddyfoged.
305 [15:59.360 --> 16:04.240] But I've said Laddafoged so long, I'm not going to change it to Laddyfoged now.
306 [16:04.240 --> 16:10.320] And we used to have a Danish colleague, and I asked him how you say this in Danish because
307 [16:10.320 --> 16:12.080] this is a Danish name.
308 [16:12.080 --> 16:14.640] Now, watch and listen carefully.
309 [16:14.640 --> 16:18.900] He said, lathafo.
310 [16:18.900 --> 16:21.600] This is how I remember, I even recorded him saying it.
311 [16:21.600 --> 16:24.840] This is how it's pronounced in the original Danish.
312 [16:24.840 --> 16:26.280] Listen and watch again.
313 [16:26.280 --> 16:27.040] Lattefoged.
314 [16:29.880 --> 16:32.840] Now you're not expected to say it in Danish, but be aware.
315 [16:32.840 --> 16:34.640] As I remember it, if I remember correctly,
316 [16:34.640 --> 16:35.760] that's how you say it.
317 [16:35.760 --> 16:37.160] We say, lattefoged.
318 [16:37.160 --> 16:37.880] OK, lattefoged.
319 [16:37.880 --> 16:38.380] Lattefoged.
320 [16:40.860 --> 16:41.360] Ms. Agarwal?
321 [16:41.360 --> 16:42.360] Mm-hmm.
322 [16:42.360 --> 16:45.000] You can get some help from a site of the University College London.
323 [16:45.000 --> 16:50.000] UCL offers an abundance of online phonetic resources.
324 [16:50.000 --> 16:52.000] All right, phonetics resources.
325 [16:52.000 --> 16:56.000] I'm going to start telling you things about pronunciation as we go along.
326 [16:56.000 --> 17:00.000] What happens is it takes a long time, and that's why we go so slow in this class.
327 [17:00.000 --> 17:04.000] But each one is important, and it's stuff that's mostly not in the textbook.
328 [17:04.000 --> 17:08.220] So I'm going to tell you two things about those two words.
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