元类(metaclass)# 创造类的模板,type就是一个元类,所有元类都继承自type
class MetaC(type):
pass
class C(metaclass=MetaC):
pass
c = C()
print(type(c))# <class '__main__.C'>
print(type(C))# <class '__main__.MetaC'>
# 未指定元类的话是<class 'type'>
print(type(MetaC))# <class 'type'>
class MetaC(type):
def __new__(mcls, name, bases, attrs):
print('__new__() in MetaC~')
return type.__new__(mcls, name, bases, attrs)
def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
print('__init__() in MetaC~')
type.__init__(cls, name, bases,attrs)
class C(metaclass=MetaC):
def __new__(cls):
print('__new__() in C~')
return super().__new__(cls)# 调用的是object的__new__()
def __init__(self):
print('__init__() in C~')
# __new__() in MetaC~
# __init__() in MetaC~
# 元类里的__new__()方法是在类C定义完成的那一刻触发
c = C()
# __new__() in C~
# __init__() in C~
# object是所有类的父类,元类比类高一级别,元类继承自type
# 元类两个方法中各参数的作用:
class MetaC(type):
def __new__(mcls, name, bases, attrs):
print(f'mcls={mcls}, name={name}, bases={bases}, attrs={attrs}')
return type.__new__(mcls, name, bases, attrs)
def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
type.__init__(cls, name, bases,attrs)
print(f'cls={cls}, name={name}, bases={bases}, attrs={attrs}')
class C(metaclass=MetaC):
pass
# mcls=<class '__main__.MetaC'>, name=C, bases=(), attrs={'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'C'}
# cls=<class '__main__.C'>, name=C, bases=(), attrs={'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'C'}
# 各参数作用跟上节type中各参数作用一致
# 把__call__()方法定义在元类里,拦截类实例化对象的操作
class MetaC(type):
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
print('__call__() in MetaC~')
class C(metaclass=MetaC):
pass
c = C()
# __call__() in MetaC~
# 绝大多数元类用到的就是__new__()、__init__()、__call__()三个魔法方法
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