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1.组合:把类的实例化放到新类里面,那么就能把新类组合进去了
- class Turtle:
- def __init__(self, x):
- self.num = x
- class Fish:
- def __init__(self, x):
- self.num = x
- class Pool:
- def __init__(self, x, y):
- self.turtle = Turtle(x)
- self.fish = Fish(y)
- def print_num(self):
- print("水池里总共有乌龟 %d 只,小鱼 %d 条!" % (self.turtle.num, self.fish.num))
- >>> pool = Pool(1, 10)
- >>> pool.print_num()
- 水池里总共有乌龟 1 只,小鱼 10 条!
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2.类、类对象和实例对象
类定义 C
类对象 C
实例对象 a b c
- >>> class C:
- count = 0
-
- >>> a = C()
- >>> b = C()
- >>> c = C()
- >>> a.count
- 0
- >>> b.count
- 0
- >>> c.count
- 0
- >>> c.count += 10
- >>> c.count
- 10
- >>> a.count
- 0
- >>> b.count
- 0
- >>> C.count
- 0
- >>> C.count += 100
- >>> a.count
- 100
- >>> b.count
- 100
- >>> c.count
- 10
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- >>> class C:
- def x(self):
- print("X-man!")
-
- >>> c = C()
- >>> c.x()
- X-man!
- >>> c.x=1
- >>> c.x
- 1
- >>> c.x()
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<pyshell#8>", line 1, in <module>
- c.x()
- TypeError: 'int' object is not callable
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注意:
1)不要试图在一个类里边定义出所有能想到的特性和方法,应该利用继承和组合机制来进行扩展。
2)用不同的词性命名,如属性名用名词,方法名用动词。
3.绑定:Python严格要求方法需要有实例才能被调用,这种限制其实就是Python所谓的绑定概念。
- >>> class BB:
- def printBB():
- print("no zuo no die")
-
- >>> BB.printBB()
- no zuo no die
- >>> bb = BB()
- >>> bb.printBB()
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<pyshell#15>", line 1, in <module>
- bb.printBB()
- TypeError: printBB() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given
- >>> class CC:
- def setXY(self, x, y):
- self.x = x
- self.y = y
- def printXY(self):
- print(self.x, self.y)
-
- >>> dd = CC()
- >>> dd.__dict__
- {}
- >>> CC.__dict__
- mappingproxy({'__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'CC' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'CC' objects>, 'printXY': <function CC.printXY at 0x024D8270>, '__module__': '__main__', 'setXY': <function CC.setXY at 0x024D8228>, '__doc__': None})
- >>> dd.setXY(4, 5)
- >>> dd.__dict__
- {'x': 4, 'y': 5}
- >>> CC.__dict__
- mappingproxy({'__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'CC' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'CC' objects>, 'printXY': <function CC.printXY at 0x024D8270>, '__module__': '__main__', 'setXY': <function CC.setXY at 0x024D8228>, '__doc__': None})
- >>> del CC
- >>> ee = CC()
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<pyshell#31>", line 1, in <module>
- ee = CC()
- NameError: name 'CC' is not defined
- >>> dd.printXY()
- 4 5
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